青岛重点公共场所室内空气化学污染物健康风险评估

Health risk assessment of indoor air chemical pollutants in key public places in Qingdao, China

目的了解青岛市重点公共场所室内空气中化学污染物污染状况,评估其健康风险,为青岛市公共场所卫生管理和从业人员健康提供科学依据和技术支持。方法分析青岛市2017—2020年的重点公共场所室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯及氨暴露水平,按照《公共场所卫生检验方法第2部分:化学污染物》进行检测,采用美国国家环境保护署(United States Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)经典“四步法”健康风险评估模型评估化学污染物经吸入途径的致癌风险和非致癌风险。结果宾馆(酒店)、美容店、理发店三类场所室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯及氨的中位数浓度均低于国家标准规定的卫生限值。其中,甲醛的中位数浓度的致癌风险介于1.0×10-6~1.0×10-4,最高浓度的致癌风险大于1.0×10-4;中位数及以上浓度的慢性非致癌风险值>1。结论青岛市宾馆(酒店)、理发店和美容店从业人员室内空气中甲醛暴露存在慢性非致癌风险和较高的致癌风险,宜重点关注;苯暴露存在一定的致癌风险,宜引起关注。

Objective To investigate the pollution status and health risk of chemical pollutants in indoor air of key public places in Qingdao,China,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for the health management of public places and the health of employees in public places in Qingdao.Methods The exposure levels of formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,xylene,and ammonia were analyzed in indoor air of key public places in Qingdao in 2017—2020.Examinations were performed in accordance with the Examination Method for Public Places-Part 2:Chemical Pollutants.The classic“four-step”health risk assessment model recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of chemical pollutants through inhalation.Results The median concentrations of formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,xylene,and ammonia in indoor air of hotels,beauty shops,and barbershops were lower than the health limits stipulated by the national standard.Among these chemical pollutants,the median concentration of formaldehyde had a carcinogenic risk ranging from 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-4,and the maximum concentration had a carcinogenic risk greater than 1.0×10-4.The median and above concentrations of chemical pollutants had a chronic non-carcinogenic risk value greater than 1.Conclusion There are chronic non-carcinogenic risks and high carcinogenic risks of formaldehyde exposure in indoor air among the employees working in hotels,barbershops,and beauty shops,which should be taken seriously.Benzene exposure has a certain carcinogenic risk and should also be taken seriously.