残疾人职业康复的国外经验研究

Study on Foreign Experience of Vocational Rehabilitation for the Disabled

文章对残疾人职业康复的国外经验进行了梳理,以期对国内的残疾人康复事业提供有益的启示。通过对76篇文献(包括72篇英文论文或书籍、4篇中文论文或书籍)进行沉浸式阅读和系统归纳,总结出国外(主要是发达国家)在残疾人职业康复方面的特点如下:第一,发展阶段方面,不同国家的具体发展路径不同,总体上可分为萌芽阶段(1940—1979年)、发展阶段(1980—1999年)、走向正轨阶段(2000—2010年)和巩固提升阶段(2010年后)。第二,主要模式方面,包括职业日间服务模式、庇护工场模式、志愿活动模式、支持培训和教育模式、俱乐部模式。第三,服务对象几乎涵盖所有类型的残疾人,文章以精神、智力、肢体三种类型的残疾人为例来详细阐述。第四,参与要素包括残疾人、康复咨询师、职业康复服务及职业康复机构。第五,对残疾人社会参与的影响主要包括帮助其履行有价值的社会角色、促进人际交往技能发展以及促进社交网络发展。综上,对我国的残疾人职业康复事业提出如下建议:确立职业康复作为残疾人社会保障的重点、各地选择或创建适宜的残疾人职业康复模式、建立具有资源整合性的地方职业康复中心以及设立残疾人职业康复咨询师这一新职业。

This study combs the foreign experience of vocational rehabilitation for the disabled,to provide useful enlightenment for the rehabilitation of the disabled in China.Through immersive reading and systematic induction of 76 literatures(including 73 English papers or books and 3 Chinese papers or books),the characteristics of vocational rehabilitation for the disabled in foreign countries(mainly developed countries)are summarized as follows.Firstly,in terms of development stage,different countries have different specific development paths.Generally,it can be divided into embryonic stage(1940-1979),development stage(1980-1999),normalization stage(2000-2010)and consolidation and promotion stage(after 2010).Secondly,the main modes include vocational day services,sheltered workshops,volunteer programmes,supported training and education,clubhouses.Thirdly,the service targets mainly include the mentally,intellectually,and physically disabled.Fourthly,the elements of participation include the disabled,rehabilitation counselors,vocational rehabilitation services and vocational rehabilitation institutions.Fifthly,the impact on the social participation of persons with disabilities mainly includes helping them perform valuable social roles,promoting the development of interpersonal skills and promoting the development of social networks.To sum up,the following suggestions are put forward for China’s vocational rehabilitation of the disabled:establish vocational rehabilitation as the focus of social security for the disabled,select or create appropriate vocational rehabilitation models for the disabled,establish local vocational rehabilitation centers with resource integration,and establish vocational rehabilitation consultants for the disabled as a new career.