苏联技术对中国拖拉机制造业的影响——以“一拖”为例

The impact of Soviet technology on China’s tractor manufacturing:A case study of the YTO Group Corporation

拖拉机是农业机械化的“龙头”,世界上农业发达的国家无不拥有强大的拖拉机制造业。在全球贸易保护主义盛行的今天,中国要实现农业现代化就要先实现拖拉机制造业的强盛。然而,中国拖拉机制造业在核心技术方面尚存在外部依赖。本研究以一拖为例,基于调查搜集的企业内部资料,利用历史学和经济学研究方法,从技术引进的视角来研究中国拖拉机制造业技术能力的形成,分析苏联拖拉机技术的引进及其影响,探讨中国拖拉机制造业的创新及其技术源头。研究表明,新中国成立初期,中国在苏联的帮助下建立了一拖,引进了拖拉机制造技术、人力资本和企业管理制度,并在此基础上实现了新产品的研发,改进了工艺与工装、材料与设备。苏联技术的引进奠定了中国拖拉机制造技术的基础,促进了行业的发展壮大,促使中国拖拉机制造业“走出去”。但这一时期的全盘技术引进也对拖拉机制造业的发展产生了技术盲从、束缚企业自主性等负面问题。中国的拖拉机制造业要实现技术跨越、赶超先进,不仅要引进适宜技术更要具备自主创新的能力。因此,基于政府层面,要制定合理的产业政策,促进产业发展;基于企业层面,要积极引进世界先进技术,构建完整的吸收机制,重视自主创新。

Tractors are the“leading force”of agricultural mechanization,and all countries with developed agriculture have a strong tractor manufacturing industry.If China wants to realize agricultural modernization,achieving prosperity of the tractor manufacturing industry is the first step.However,China’s tractor manufacturing industry still has external dependence of core technology.Taking the YTO Group Corporation as an example,and based on an internal survey data,this paper studies the formation of the technical capabilities of China’s tractor manufacturing industry from the perspective of technology introduction,analyzes the introduction and impact of Soviet tractor technology,explores the innovation of China’s tractor manufacturing industry and its technical sources,and provides a basis for China’s tractor manufacturing industry to seek a catch-up path for technical capabilities by historical and documentary research methods.Results show that,in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China established the YTO Group Corporation with the help of the Soviet Union,introduced tractor manufacturing technology,human capital,and enterprise management system,and realized the research and development of new products,improved the process and tooling,and materials and equipment.The introduction of Soviet technology laid the foundation for China’s tractor manufacturing technology,promoted the development and growth of the industry,and promoted China’s tractor manufacturing industry to“go global”.However,the overall introduction of technology in this period also created negative problems such as restricting the autonomy of enterprises in the development of tractor manufacturing.China’s tractor manufacturing industry to achieve technological leapfrogging,catching up with the advanced,not only to introduce appropriate technology but also to have the ability of independent innovation.Therefore,from the government level,it is necessary to formulate reasonable industrial policies to promote industrial development;from the enterprise level,it is necessary to actively introduce world advanced technologies,build a complete absorption mechanism,and attach importance to independent innovation.