油菜侧深穴施肥装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Side Deep Hole Fertilization Device for Rapeseed

为提高肥料利用率、降低肥料施用量、实现油菜根区施肥,结合油菜种植施肥农艺要求,提出了一种油菜侧深穴施肥工艺,设计了一种机械式穴施肥装置,阐述了穴施肥装置的工作过程,确定了穴施肥装置的基本参数,建立了充肥和排肥环节中肥料颗粒群的力学模型,分析了影响穴施肥装置成穴性能的主要因素;应用离散元软件EDEM对穴施肥排肥器的成穴性能进行了仿真试验,分析了排肥轮转速、充肥型孔长度、导肥管材料对穴排肥量误差和穴径长轴长度的影响;利用正交组合试验确定了成穴性能较优的参数组合,排肥轮转速为60 r/min、充肥型孔长度为18 mm、导肥管材料为ABS塑料管时,穴排肥量误差为7.05%、穴径长轴长度为62.45 mm;优选参数组合下的排肥性能试验结果表明,排肥轮转速为30~90 r/min时,穴排肥量误差为4.56%~15.69%、穴径长轴长度为76.32~91.50 mm、穴径长轴长度稳定性变异系数为4.53%~9.78%、穴距误差为3.24%~7.31%;田间试验表明,排肥轮转速为30~90 r/min时,穴排肥量误差为4.73%~16.07%、穴径长轴长度为85.21~101.65 mm、穴径长轴长度稳定性变异系数为4.82%~10.63%、穴距误差为3.36%~7.58%、施肥深度稳定性变异系数为6.43%~10.85%,成穴性能较好,满足穴施肥要求。

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizers,reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers applied,and realize fertilization in the root zone of rapeseed,combined with agronomic requirements for rapeseed sowing and fertilization,the side deep hole fertilization process for rapeseed was proposed,and a kind of mechanical hole fertilization device was designed.The working process of the hole fertilization device was explained,the basic parameters of the device were determined through theoretical analysis,the mechanical models of fertilizer particle group in fertilizer filling and feeding zone were established,and the main influencing factors affecting its fertilizer distribution performance were determined.The discrete element software EDEM was used to carry out a simulation analysis on the fertilizer distribution performance of the fertilizer point-applied device,and the influence of rotation speed of fertilizer feeding unit,length of fertilizer hole and fertilizer tube on the error of hole fertilizer amount and the fertilizer distribution long axis was studied.The optimized result showed that when the fertilizer feeding unit speed,the length of the fertilizer hole and the fertilizer tube were 60 r/min,18 mm and ABS fertilizer tube,respectively,the error of hole fertilizer amount and the fertilizer distribution long axis were 7.05% and 62.45 mm,respectively.The bench test showed that under the conditions of rotation speed of fertilizer feeding unit of 30~90 r/min,the error of the hole fertilizer amount was 4.56%~15.69%,the fertilizer distribution long axis was 76.32~91.50 mm,the stability coefficient of fertilizer distribution long axis was 4.53%~9.78% and the error of fertilizer pointed distance was 3.24%~7.31%,respectively.Field test results showed that when the fertilizer feeding unit was 30~90 r/min,the error of the hole fertilizer amount was 4.73%~16.07%,the fertilizer distribution long axis was 85.21~101.65 mm,the coefficient of variation of the fertilizer distribution long axis stability was 4.82%~10.63%,the error of the fertilizer pointed distance was 3.36%~7.58% and the stability coefficient of fertilization depth was 6.43%~10.85%,respectively.The cavitation performance was well,and it met the requirements of hole fertilization.