高茬黏重稻茬田油菜直播埋茬防堵深施肥复合装置研究

Burying Stubble and Anti-blocking Deep Fertilization Composite Device for Rapeseed Direct Planting in High Stubble and Heavy Soil Rice Stubble Field

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜直播作业时,因土壤黏重板结,地表前茬水稻留茬高、留存秸秆量大,导致旋耕部件易缠绕,秸秆埋覆率低,致使深施肥铲易挂草壅堵,作业厢面拖堆不平,难以实现深施肥作业。本文设计一种适应高茬黏重稻茬田的油菜直播埋茬防堵深施肥复合作业装置,确定埋茬防堵部件深旋弯刀、浅旋弯刀、防堵直刀和深施肥铲的结构参数及刀片和深施肥铲排列安装方式。利用EDEM仿真分析了机具作业后的秸秆埋覆、空间分布及颗粒肥料深施后的分布深度,结果表明:作业速度为2.5 km/h、耕作深度为150 mm、埋茬防堵部件刀辊转速为345 r/min时,秸秆埋覆率为86.53%、施肥深度为83~106 mm。开展了油菜直播机4种田间作业工况验证试验,结果表明:埋茬防堵深施肥复合作业装置田间作业性能良好,实现了肥料深施,秸秆埋覆率为86.69%~90.35%、厢面平整度为16.48~22.65 mm、施肥深度为87.4~109.5 mm、碎土率为81.24%~92.13%。

During rapeseed direct seeding operation in rice-rapeseed rotation area of mid-lower Yangtze River,because the soil is sticky and hardened,the stubble of the fore crop of rice on the surface is high,and the large amount of straw is retained,which leads to the production problems of easy winding of rotary tillage part,low straw burying rate,easy hanging of grass and blockage of deep fertilization shovel,difficult to realize deep fertilization operation,a burying stubble and anti-blocking deep fertilization composite operation device for rapeseed direct planting was developed to adapt high stubble and heavy soil rice stubble field.The structural parameters of the deep rotary curved blade,the shallow rotary curved blade,and anti-blocking straight rotary blade of the burying stubble and anti-blocking blade roller,and the deep fertilization shovel were determined.Meanwhile,the arrangement and installation mode of the rotary blade and the deep fertilizing shovel were defined.EDEM simulation was used to analyze the straw burying and spatial distribution,the distribution depth after deep application of granular fertilizer,and the mixing results of soil particles in the plough layer soil after machine operation.The test results showed that when the working speed was 2.5 km/h,the tillage depth was 150 mm,and the burying stubble and anti-blocking blade roller rotating speed was 345 r/min,the straw burying rate was 86.53% and the fertilization depth was 83~106 mm.The validation test of four field working conditions of the rotary tillage and deep fertilization device was carried out.The field test results showed that the deep fertilization part had good anti-blockage performance in the field.When the rotary tillage and deep fertilization device operated on the sticky surface with high stubble,the fertilization depth was 87.4~109.5 mm,the straw burying rate was 86.69%~90.35%,and the uniformity of the ridge was 16.48~22.65 mm,the broken rate of soil was 81.24%~92.13%.which could meet the test requirements of fertilization depth and seedbed preparing during rapeseed direct seeding.