经典名方中辛夷的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Magnoliae Flos in Famous Classical Formulas

通过查阅古代本草,结合近现代文献资料,笔者对经典名方中辛夷的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、采收加工及炮制方法等进行考证,以期为经典名方开发中辛夷的选择与使用提供依据。经考证可知,历代皆以辛夷为正名,意为有辛香之味的花蕾;历代所用辛夷的主流基原植物为玉兰Magnolia denudata和望春玉兰M.biondii;近代以来关于其学名考订的历史较为复杂,许多外国学者曾给出过多个不同的学名,然多与我国古代所用辛夷情况不符,系因外国学者未能采集我国所用辛夷药材对应的原植物进行准确鉴定所致;明代前辛夷主产于陕西地区,其后著录的产地渐增,中华人民共和国成立后推崇河南所产望春玉兰之花蕾,奉为道地,因经禹州集散,而习称“会春花”;古代辛夷的采收期多集中于农历正月、二月,亦推崇以望春玉兰之花蕾入药,现则多于冬、春二季采集花蕾,以身干、个大、色黄绿、内瓣紧密、气香、无枝梗者为佳;历代炮制方法以生品为主流,尚有炒制、水浸等。基于考证结果,建议经典名方开发所用辛夷采用历代所推崇的品质更佳之望春玉兰M.biondii的花蕾,原方未注明炮制要求的可以生品入药。

By reviewing ancient materia medica and combining with modern literature,the textual research of Magnoliae Flos has been conducted to verify the name,origin,producing area,harvesting and processing methods,in order to provide basis for the selection and use of this herb in the development of famous classical formulas.After the textual research,it could be seen that the correct name of Magnoliae Flos was Xinyi in the past dynasties,meaning spicy flower buds.The main original plants used in past dynasties are Magnolia denudata and M.biondii.The history of the research on its scientific name in recent times is complicated,many foreign scholars have given several different scientific names,but most of them are inconsistent with the actual situation of Magnoliae Flos used in ancient China,because foreign scholars failed to collect the original plants of Magnoliae Flos for accurate identification.Before the Ming dynasty,Magnoliae Flos was mainly produced in Shaanxi,and then the recorded production areas gradually increased.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the products produced in Henan named M.biondii were highly respected,and Henan was regarded as authentic producing area,and because of the collection and distribution through Yuzhou,it was customarily called Huichunhua.In ancient times,the harvesting period of Magnoliae Flos mostly concentrated in the first and second months of the lunar calendar,and the flower buds of M.biondii were also recommended to be used as medicine,but nowadays the flower buds are mostly collected in winter and spring,and those with dry buds,large size,yellow-green color,tight inner petals,fragrant smell,and no impurities are preferred.In the past dynasties,raw products were the mainstream,and there were also frying,soaking and so on.Based on the results,it is suggested that the flower buds of M.biondii should be used in the development of famous classical formulas.If the original formula does not specify the processing requirements,the raw products can be used as medicine.