日本本科层次职业教育的发展路径与经验

The Development Path and Experience of Voca-tional Education at Undergraduate Level in Japan

日本当前本科层次的职业教育体系是二战后长期探索与发展的结果。从20世纪50年代初设短期大学专攻科,到70至80年代关于技术科学大学的探索,再到90年代初将专攻科拓展至高等专门学校,同时引入认定专攻科制度和学位授予制度,使认定专攻科真正与本科大学同级发展,最后到21世纪初对专门学校四年制学科赋予本科层次及进行现代实践型职业教育改革,并最终创立专门职大学和大学专门职学科制度,从而建立起较为完备的本科层次职业教育制度体系。很明显,其间形成了两条发展路径,一是在专科层次学校中发展本科层次职业教育,二是直接在本科大学层面发展职业教育。而同一路径或不同路径的不同类型之间存在一定关联且错位发展。基于我国实际总结日本的相关探索经验对我国今后本科层次职业教育事业的发展与改进是有所神益的。

The current undergraduate level vocational education system in Japan is the result of a long period of exploration and development after World War II.From the estab-lishment of Junior College Advanced Program in the early 1950s,to the exploration of Uni-versity of Technology in the 1970s and 1980s,to the establishment of College of Technology Advanced Program in the early 1990s,and the introduction of accreditation system and de-gree awarding system to make accredited two types of Advanced Program truly develop at the same level as undergraduate universities,finally,at the beginning of the 21st century,a 4-year program for Special Training Colleges will be endowed with undergraduate status,modern practical vocational education reform will be carried out,and Professional and Vo-cational University and The University Professional and Vocational Discipline will be estab-lished,so as to establish a relatively complete system of undergraduate level vocational edu-cation.Obviously,two development paths have been formed in Japan,one is to develop un-dergraduate level vocational education in junior college level higher education institutions,the other is to develop directly at the level of undergraduate universities.The same path or different types of different paths are related to each other,and there is no conflict between them.The relevant experience of Japan provides a useful reference for the development of undergraduate level vocational education in China.