微塑料在河口海岸环境的检测、分布、归趋以及生物和环境效应

Distribution,fate,and biological and environmental effects of microplastics in estuarine and coastal environments

微塑料污染已成为全球性的环境问题.综合分析微塑料的分布归趋以及效应是保障环境和生态健康的关键.本文对微塑料在河口海岸环境中的分布特点、环境归趋、载体效应、海洋生物的摄入以及毒性效应等内容进行综述.地表径流及洋流作用显著影响微塑料在河口海岸及海洋中的赋存;微塑料表面形成的生物膜会影响其环境归趋和生物效应;海水中的微塑料可作为载体富集污染物和入侵物种,带来外来物种入侵等新的环境问题;海洋生物对微塑料的摄入会引起其体内微塑料积累,改变其肠道微生物的活性和群落结构,并改变生物行为;微塑料暴露会对海洋生物产生多种毒性效应:如肝脏毒性、神经毒性以及生殖毒性等.本综述可为河口区域微塑料污染的安全评估提供参考,对河口区域水环境安全也有科学价值.

Microplastic pollution is now a global environmental problem.Comprehensive analysis of the distribution,fate,and effects of microplastics is the key to ensuring environmental health.This paper summarizes the distribution characteristics,environmental fate,carrier effect,and biological uptake and toxicity effects of microplastics in estuarine and coastal environments.While surface runoff and ocean currents significantly affect the occurrence of microplastics in estuaries,coasts and oceans,biofilms forming on the surface of microplastics also significantly affect their environmental fate and biological effects.Microplastics in seawater can absorb and enrich pollutants and become carrier of invasive species.The vector effects of microplastics may bring in new environmental problems.Ingestion of microplastics by marine organisms caused tissue accumulation and adversely affected their digestive system.Exposure to microplastics lead to various toxic effects on marine organisms,such as liver toxicity,neurotoxicity,and reproductive toxicity,and changed their behaviors.This review can be a reference for the risk assessment of microplastic pollution in the estuary area,and its water security.