中国近海大气颗粒物来源解析研究进展

Source apportionment of atmospheric particulates in China sea:A review

大气颗粒物成分复杂、来源广泛,其通过干湿沉降的方式向海洋的输送是海洋营养物质和一些有害成分的重要来源之一,会对海洋生态系统产生重要影响.大气颗粒物源解析可追溯并量化各类大气成分的排放源信息,为科学防控大气污染和评估海洋大气沉降的生态环境效应提供科学依据.目前的大气颗粒物源解析研究多聚焦城市,对海洋的研究相对不足.本文系统梳理了目前各类源解析方法的发展现状,综述了其在我国海洋大气颗粒物源解析中的应用,并展望了未来的研究方向.结果表明,1)源清单法、源模型法和受体模型三大类技术方法体系在我国海洋大气颗粒物源解析中均有应用,但由于各类方法的适用性和局限性,以因子分析为代表的源未知受体模型得到了最广泛地应用;2)以指示因子法和同位素示踪法为代表的新方法不断涌现,多方法联用源解析技术实现了海洋大气颗粒物来源的准确识别;3)中国近海大气颗粒物的主要来源为化石燃料燃烧、工业排放、生物质燃烧、农业化肥使用、城市垃圾焚烧以及二次生成等的人为源,也有部分来自矿物沙尘、建筑扬尘、海盐飞沫以及生源释放等自然源,其贡献的相对大小与海域位置、陆源输入强度、气象条件以及浮游植物生物量等因素有关.今后应首先从完善源成分谱入手,注重开展多种源解析方法的集成与耦合,研发混合源解析技术模型,开发在线实时快速源解析和二次颗粒物源解析技术,并重点在受人为影响显著的海湾、近岸区域以及生态脆弱区开展精准化大气污染物源解析研究.不断发展适合我国近海的大气颗粒物源解析方法体系,对实现陆海统筹下的海洋生态保护战略目标意义重大.

The composition of atmospheric particulates is complex with a various of sources.Its transport to the ocean via dry and wet deposition is one of the important sources of marine nutrients and some harmful components,which will have important impacts on the marine ecosystem.Source apportionment of atmospheric particulates can trace and quantify the emission sources of various atmospheric components,and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of air pollution and assessment of the ecological environmental effects of marine atmospheric deposition.So far,the study on the source apportionment of atmospheric particulates mainly focuses on cities,whereas,the research of marine aerosol is relatively insufficient.In view of this situation,we summarized the current development of various source apportionment methods,reviewed their application in the study of source apportionment of marine atmospheric particulates,and proposed the future research directions.The results show that(1)the emission inventory,source-oriented model and receptor model have been applied in the source apportionment of marine atmospheric particulates in China.However,due to the applicability and limitations of various methods,the source-unknown receptor model represented by factor analysis has been widely used;(2)new methods such as indicator factor method and isotopic tracing are emerging constantly,the source analysis technology combined with multiple methods has realized the accurate source identification of marine atmospheric particulates;(3)the main sources of chemical components in atmospheric particulates in China sea are anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion,industrial emissions,biomass combustion,agricultural fertilizer use,municipal waste incineration and secondary formation of pollutants,etc.In addition,the contributions of natural sources such as mineral dust,construction dust,sea salt droplets and biogenic release,etc.cannot be neglected.The relative contributions of these sources are related to the location of the sea,the intensity of terrestrial input,meteorological conditions and phytoplankton biomass.In the future,firstly,perfecting the source component spectrum,emphasizing on the integration and coupling of multiple source analysis methods,developing mixed source analysis technology models,developing online real-time fast source identification and secondary particle source apportionment techniques.On this basis,the research on precise source apportionment technique should be mostly applied in the significantly anthropogenic-influenced bays,nearshore waters and ecological fragile areas in China sea.It is of great significance for realizing the strategic goal of marine ecological protection under the land-sea coordination to continuously develop the method system of atmospheric particulate source apportionment that suitable for China's offshore waters.