“孝”与“孝治”:汉代伦理与政治的同构

“Filial Piety” and“Rule by Filial Piety”:On the Combination of Ethics and Politics in the Han Dynasty

汉代是中国历史上第一个“以孝治国”的朝代。汉代之所以重孝,究其历史渊源,主要是受先秦重孝观念的影响,以及出于对秦孝理念的继承与反思。汉朝推行“孝治”经历了这样的过程:在高祖时营造氛围,景帝时期正式开始推行,一直到武帝“罢黜百家”,“孝治”才得以全面实施;在东汉时“孝治”得到进一步的发展。汉代推行“孝治”的举措有很多,其中较为重要的可概括为四个方面:一是把“孝”上升为核心价值观;二是在教育中大力推行《孝经》;三是“孝”与选官用人相结合;四是引“孝”入法令政策。从“孝”到“孝治”,汉代从国家实践层面全面完成了伦理与政治的同构,这具有十分重要的价值:从政治上看,伦理与政治的同构为汉代的国家治理提供了伦理支撑;从社会层面来看,利用核心价值观增强了汉代社会凝聚力;从精神文化层面来看,汉代伦理与政治的同构提振了文化自信,推动了精神文化的传承。

The Han Dynasty was the first dynasty in Chinese history to"govern the country with filial piety".The reason why the Han Dynasty attached great importance to filial piety is mainly due to the influence of the concept of filial piety in the pre Qin Dynasty and the inheritance and introspection of the concept of filial piety in the Qin Dynasty.The Han Dynasty,which is famous for its filial piety,also experienced a certain process in implementing the"rule by filial piety".The Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty created an atmosphere for the implementation of"rule by filial piety".The Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty officially began to implement the"rule by filial piety",until the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty"respected Confucianism alone",the"rule of filial piety"was fully implemented.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,"filial piety"was further developed.There were many measures to promote"filial piety"in the Han Dynasty,among which the more important ones can be summarized in four aspects:taking"filial piety"as the core value of the country,using The Book of Filial Piety in education,combining"filial piety"with the selection of officials and personnel,and introducing"filial piety"into the laws and policies.From"filial piety"to"rule by filial piety",the Han Dynasty comprehensively completed the combination of ethics and politics from the national practice level,which is of great value.From the political point of view,the combination of ethics and politics provided ethical support for the national governance of the Han Dynasty.From the social perspective,the use of core values enhanced the social cohesion of the Han Dynasty.From the perspective of spiritual culture,the combination of ethics and politics in the Han Dynasty was conducive to cultural self-confidence and promoted the inheritance of spiritual culture.