“V什么X”的驳难语力及其心理参量

The refuting power of“V shenme(什么)X”and its psychological parameters

汉语常见结构“V什么X”蕴含着强烈的驳难性特征,其形成一是由于“V”的语义泛化,二是由于[+否定]“什么”的语用表达及语义漂白,二者双线并行才完成了整个结构的语法化。考察该构式原生驳难、次生驳难的类型特征和跨域表现,有助于发现其语法化的机制,解释其梯级强度的驳难语力。研究发现正是由于“什么”的嵌入,才使得整个结构具备[+陈述][+反问][+口语][+驳难]的语用语义特征,并使其负面评价功能公式化;特别是当该构式为[+陈述]语气时,对汉语作为第二语言的习得者来说较难分辨;尽管“X”呈现积极、消极、中立三类情况,但是说话者的真正意图才是言语行为的最终取向。这启示我们,无论汉语本体研究还是汉语教学研究,言语的最终目的都是说话人的取效行为,“意图优先”①的指导原则对理解言语行为有重要价值。

The common Chinese construction“V shenme(什么)X”contains strong refutation characteristics.Its formation is due to the semantic generalization of“V”and the pragmatic expression and semantic bleaching of[+negation]shenme.The grammaticalization of the whole structure is completed by the two parallel lines.Investigating the typological characteristics and cross-domain performance of the primary and the secondary refutation of this construction helps find its grammaticalization mechanism and explain the refutation power of its scalar strength.It is found that the embedding of shenme makes the whole construction have the pragmatic and semantic features of[+statement][+rhetorical question][+colloquialism][+refutation],and formulates its negative evaluation function.Especially when the construction is[+declarative]mood,it is difficult for learners of Chinese as a second language to distinguish.Although“X”presents three situations:positive,negative and neutral,the real intention of the speaker is the ultimate orientation of the speech act.This enlightens us that whether it is Chinese language research or Chinese teaching research,the ultimate purpose of speech is the speaker􀆳s effect taking behavior.The guiding principle of“the priority of intention”is of great value to understand speech acts.