目标驱动的乡村治理现代化:概念与过程

Goal-driven Modernization of Rural Governance:Concept and Process

中国乡村治理是目标驱动的变迁过程。20世纪初期开始的乡村治理现代化并没有改变传统农业社会村庄自治的格局,因为这一现代化过程的目标是扩张国家对乡村的控制。农村改革之后,乡村实行村民自治,乡村治理开始发生制度性变化,但在实践中农民仍然要提供税费维持基层政府的运行,乡村治理仍然维持村庄自治的特征。21世纪初取消了农业税,并进而由国家提供农村公共服务,特别是党的十八大以后,国家对乡村的投入不断增加,乡村公共服务水平不断提高。以提升乡村公共服务为目标的乡村治理现代化过程带来了真正意义上的村民自治,这体现为国家权力随着提供公共服务而深入乡村,村庄精英重新组合资源的空间被压缩。乡村治理不仅赋予村民更多民主参与权力,而且村民的满意度是乡村治理的评价标准,这从根本上保障了村民在乡村治理中的主体地位。

China s rural governance is a goal-driven process of change.The modernization of rural governance,which began a century ago,had not been able to change the pattern of village autonomy in traditional agricultural society,because the goal of this modernization was to expand the state s control over the countryside.In this pattern,villages were dominated by the elites with the patron-clients or exploitation relation.Until the People s Commune period,villages still maintained a high degree of autonomy.After the rural reform in 1980s,Villagers Self-Governance System has been implemented in the rural China.Though the institutional changes had taken place,in practice,farmers still needed to provide taxes and fees to maintain the operation of the local government,and rural governance still maintained the characteristics of village autonomy.At the beginning of the 21st century,the agricultural tax was abolished,and then the state provided rural public services.Especially after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the state’s investment in rural areas continued to increase,and the level of rural public services continued to improve.The modernization process of rural governance with the goal of improving rural public services has brought about the real arrival of villagers autonomy,which is reflected in the fact that the state has penetrated into the villages with the service,and the space for the village elitets relocate resources has been compressed.Not only does rural governance give villagers more democratic participation rights,but also villagers satisfaction becomes the evaluation standard of rural governance,which fundamentally guarantees the subjectivity of villagers in rural governance.