《肩水金关汉简》所见女性史料研究

A Preliminary Study on Women as Mentioned in the Han Dynasty Wooden Slips from Jianshuijinguan

肩水金关汉简中存在“妻随夫姓”的情况,可能只是一种社会风俗,并未形成制度性的规定。在婚育年龄,女性在15—20岁间最多,早婚早育比较普遍。夫妇之间的婚龄差较为明显,男方的年龄普遍大于女方,平均年龄差8.14岁,以往的说法可以重新思考。女性产后休息的周期可能是2.5年。休妾文书提供了与《大戴礼记·本命篇》不同的“休妇”视角,对女性的要求和束缚更多。女奴地位低下,生活困顿、处境艰难,不能当成“家属”对待。还探讨了女子的再嫁、赎罪、疾病等。

The phenomenon of“women assuming their husbands’surnames”reflected in the Han dynasty wooden slips unearthed at Jianshuijinguan is most likely just a social custom and not a systematically regulated behavior.The general age for marriage and childbearing at the time was between the ages of 15 and 20,which indicates that marriage at younger ages was quite common at the time.Among married couples,husbands were usually older than their wives with an average age difference of 8.4years.The average childbearing cycle of women can be assumed to have been about 2.5 years for one birth.Records in these wooden slips regarding men divorcing their wives provide a perspective on divorce that is quite different from that contained in the“Ben Ming”chapter of Dadai Liji(a book on rituals edited by the scholar Dai De in the middle of the Western Han dynasty).According to the text of the wood slips,the requirements and constraints for women were much more rigid and comprehensive than recorded elsewhere.Female slaves had extremely low social status,lived poor,difficult lives,and were not treated as“family members”in the houses they served.Besides research on the above issues,this paper also discusses the related issues of remarriage,atonement and disease of women in the Han dynasty.