政治经济学的民法观是如何在沙俄-苏联炼成并被消解的——《马克思主义与民法典》一文导读

How the Civil Law Concept of Political Economy Was Forged in Tsarist Russia-Soviet Union and Dissolved:Introduction to the Y.Berman’s“Marxism and the Civil Code”

《法国民法典》诞生后不久,意大利兴起了结合民法与政治经济学的思潮,次第产生了这方面的德国学派、荷兰学派、法国学派、沙俄学派。马克思属于德国学派的成员,提出了民法调整生产关系的著名观点。沙俄学派直接受德国学派影响,但也有自己的发展,表现为把德国学者针对民法的某个分支的局部结论放大为针对整个民法,为此要把民法变成单纯的财产法,把家庭法和非物质利益保护从民法中剔除出去。列宁实行新经济政策后,要在三个月的时间内制定出1922年《苏俄民法典》,起草者利用了马克思的上述观点以及沙俄学派留下的理论资源进行工作,产生的民法典排除了家庭法和对非物质利益的保护,由此基本把《苏俄民法典》政治经济学化,尽管保留经过压缩的继承法,但那是不得已而为之。《马克思主义与民法典》一文反映了这一过程。20世纪80年代,意大利学者多尼西揭示民法中有一个去财产化运动,旨在清算把民法过度财产法化的不利后果,体现了民法财产法化运动发源国学者的反思。从1964年《苏俄民法典》开始,苏联-俄罗斯的民事立法也完成了去财产化过程。在苏联的影响下,我国民法理论和立法曾深受政治经济学的渗透,但2020年《民法典》在去财产化上取得了长足的进步。

Shortly after the birth of the French Civil Code,a trend of thought combining civil law and political economy arose in Italy.The German School,the Dutch School,the French School,and the Tsarist Russian School was emerged one after another.Karl Marx,as a member of the German school,put forward the famous view that civil law regulates production relations.The Tsarist Russian School was directly influenced by the German School,but it also had its own development,manifested in enlarging the partial conclusions of German scholars for a certain branch of civil law to the whole civil law.The family law and the protection of non-material interests are excluded from the civil law.After Lenin implemented the New Economic Policy,his drafters had to formulate the 1922 Soviet-Russian Civil Code within three months.The drafters used the above mentioned views of Marx and the theoretical resources left by the Tsarist Russian school.As a result,the Soviet-Russian Civil Code excludes the family law and the protection of non-material interests,and were basically transformed into legal form of the political economy,but it had unwillingly retained the compressed inheritance law.The article“Marxism and the Civil Code”reflects this process.In the 1980s,Italian scholar Carmine Donisi revealed that there was a de-propertyisation movement in civil law,aiming to settle the adverse consequences of over-propertyisation in civil law,reflecting the repents of scholars in the originating country of movement of making the civil law to be a pure property law.Beginning with the Soviet-Russian Civil Code in 1964,Soviet-Russian civil legislation has also completed the process of de-propertyisation.Under the influence of the Soviet Union,my country’s civil law theory and legislation have been deeply infiltrated by political economy,whereas the 2020 Civil Code has made great progress in de-propertyisation.