马克思主义与民法典——苏俄人民司法委员会民法典草案制定之探讨

Marxism and the Civil Code of RSFSR:A Discussion on the Formulation of the Draft Civil Code of the Soviet-Russian People’s Judicial Committee

十月革命初,基于《共产党宣言》和恩格斯《共产主义原理》建立的苏俄打算消灭民法,实行战时共产主义,很快导致大饥荒。形势所迫,必须搞新经济政策,也就是承认一定的私有制,对外开放。此时需要改变民法虚无的初衷,为制定民法典寻找理论依据。苏联学者避开《共产党宣言》和恩格斯的《共产主义原理》对民法的所有权法、继承法、家庭法的不平等性的批评,在马克思的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中找到了生产关系作为民法的对象,从而把民法经济法化(去掉家庭法、削减继承法到最小规模),1922年的苏俄民法典建立在这样的思想基础上,影响到所有的社会主义国家包括我国的民法形态。本文是为新形态的民法寻找存在依据的代表性作品,在研究第一部苏俄民法典的文献中有一定的引用率,暂未找到其他有同样影响的作品。翻译此文,有助于理解我国的民法为何如此形态,以及有别于西方的部分缘由。

At the beginning of the October Revolution,Soviet Russia,established on the basis of the Communist Manifesto and Engels’Principles of Communism,intended to abolish civil law and implement wartime communism,which soon led to a great famine.The situation forces us to pursue a new economic policy,that is,to recognize a certain degree of private ownership and open up to the outside world.At this time,it is necessary to change the original intention of the nihilism of civil law and find a theoretical basis for the formulation of the civil code,Soviet scholars avoid the“Communist Manifesto”and Engels’s“Principles of Communism”criticism of the inequality of civil law in ownership law,inheritance law,and family law.In Marx’s《Preface to〈Critique of Political Economics〉》is found the relations of production as objects of civil law,thereby transforming civil law into economic law,and then taking the civil law view of the regulator of production relations as the ideological basis for designing the 1922 Soviet Russian Civil Code,and implementing it in the drafting of the Civil Code,so as to distinguish the socialist civil code from the bourgeois civil code,and thus affect the civil law form of all socialist countries,including China.