国家安全中的语言安全化:以俄罗斯为例

Language Securitization in National Security:A Case Study of Russia

在传统安全与非传统安全问题交织的当今世界,语言安全是关系着许多安全对象和安全领域的重要课题。俄罗斯面临的语言与国家安全问题尤为典型。俄语安全已被列入《俄罗斯联邦国家安全战略》。这促使学界思考,语言作为一种社会资源,如何在国家安全中发挥作用,具有怎样的定位与功能。本文从安全学视角出发,使用Nvivo编码软件,对2002~2020年的俄语政策进行内容分析,进而探讨俄罗斯的语言安全化问题。研究发现,语言安全化实质上是一种政治化过程,其本质是国家对语言所发挥的社会功能的安全诉求。俄罗斯的语言安全化包含两个环节,一是语言安全的话语建构过程,将语言安全问题上升为国家安全问题,列入政治安全和文化安全的范畴。二是语言安全问题的应对过程,即语言安全主体通过语言政策,应对语言安全威胁的过程。由此,语言政策不仅是塑造语言安全与国家安全关系的主要手段,也是实现语言安全与国家安全的最重要途径,通过语言政策安全话语得以建构和实施。

In today's world where traditional security and non-traditional security issues are intertwined,language security is an important topic related to many security objects and security fields.The language and national security problems faced by Russia are particularly typical.Russian language security has been included in the"National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation".This prompts academic circles to think about how language,as a social resource,plays a role in national security,and what kind of positioning and function it has.From the perspective of security,this article uses Nvivo coding software to analyze the content of Russian policy from 2002 to 2020,and then discusses the issue of language security in Russia.The study found that language securitization is essentially a politicized process,and its essence is the state's security demands for the social functions played by language.Language security in Russia consists of two steps.One is the discourse construction process of language security,which raises the issue of language security to the issue of national language security and includes it in the category of political security and cultural security.The second is the process of responding to language security issues,that is,the process of language security subjects responding to language security threats through language policies.Therefore,language policy is not only the main means to shape language security and national security,but also the most important way to realize language security and national security.Through language policy,security discourse can be constructed and implemented.