金末女真将领殉节现象探析

Analysis of the phenomenon of Jurchen generals martyrdom in the late Jin Dynasty

金末战争中共有84位女真将领为国殉节。他们的出身、殉节方式呈现多元化特点。其中大多是从四品及以上的中高级将领,殉节时间主要集中在宣宗贞祐、兴定,哀宗天兴年间。金蒙双方军事实力的客观差距,金末军政败坏、军纪松弛,忠孝观念影响是殉节的主要原因。大批女真将领殉节对金的政治、军事造成冲击,不仅打击了君臣的作战信心,还造成“将帅乏人,兵不复振”的局面,加速了金的灭亡。

In the wars in the late Jin Dynasty,a total of 84 Jurchen generals martyred for the kingdom.Their origins and the way they martyred for their kingdom showed the characteristics of diversity.Most of them were middle and senior generals of grade four or higher.The time of their death was mainly concentrated on the reign of Xuanzong Zhenyou,Xingding and Aizong Tianxing.Objective gap of military strength existed between Jin and Mongolia.At the end of the Jin Dynasty,the corruption of military administration,the relaxation of military discipline and the influence of loyalty and filial piety were the three main reasons for their death.The sacrifice of a large number of Jurchen generals had a huge impact on the politics and military of the Jin Dynasty.It not only affected the confidence of the Kings and ministers in fighting,but also made the generals lack staffs and soldiers lose courage to fight,and further accelerated the downfall of the Jin Dynasty.