外国人汉字书写偏误描述法的辨析

An Analysis of the Error-description Methods for Foreigner’s Writing of Chinese Characters

字本位描述法和人本位描述法是当今汉字书写偏误描述的主流,它们从不同角度阐述Dulay,Burt和Krashen(1982)的表层策略分类法,是对该方法的进一步发展。前者为标注语料库中的错字服务,超出了错别字的界限,根据偏误研究的实际,它取消了“杂糅”特征,增加了“翻转”“分离”和“连接”三个特征。后者产生于偏误研究的实际需求,在错别字的框架下由高到低逐层描述。为提高偏误描述的准确性,一是要了解外国人单个汉字要素相关的别字比例很大,别字范畴比中国人更广,有的别字的“错字”因素很浓等特点,不断积累别字特征;二是要重新界定偏误名称的内涵与外延,统一偏误名称。最后,学习者因素和信息加工的环境因素是研究者判定偏误类型的重要依据,对不能判定的归类矛盾现象,文章主张暂不描述或统一描述为有归类矛盾的偏误字。

The character-based description method and the human-based description method are the mainstream of the description of errors in the writing of Chinese characters because they have expounded and developed the surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay,Burt and Krashen(1982)from different perspectives.The former serves to label the wrong characters in the Corpus,which goes beyond the limit of wrong and misused characters.According to the reality of error research,it cancels the feature of“hybridity”and adds“flip”,“separation”and“connection”as three features.The latter results from the actual needs of error research,which is described layer by layer from high to low in the framework of wrong and misused characters.In order to enhance the accuracy of classification for errors,firstly,we should understand that foreigners have a large proportion of misused characters related to single elements of Chinese characters,the category of misused characters by foreigners is wider than that of the Chinese people,and some misused characters have a strong feature of“wrong characters”in the process of accumulation;secondly,we should redefine the connotations and extension of the names of errors,and finally have unified names;finally,learner factors and environmental factors of information processing are the important basis for the researchers to determine the types of errors.For the errors of contradictory classification that cannot be determined,the article advocates avoiding describing them for the time being,or describing them all as error characters with contradictory classification.