谎言、义务和人的自由——对卢梭和康德的一个道德哲学的比较

Lies, Duty and Human Freedom——A Comparison of Rousseau’s and Kant’s Moral Philosophies

卢梭在《漫步遐思录》中从自然倾向出发为自己的说谎行为进行辩护,并且在此基础上展开了对社会德性和道德义务的批判。对卢梭而言,外在的义务剥夺了自身的存在感和自由,他最终选择放弃行动回归自身。但从康德的视角来看,人的自由可以从理性的自我立法得到保证,与此同时义务也由此生发出来。在这个意义上说,康德从另一个维度实现了卢梭所要求的自由和幸福。然而,康德的学说中虽然带有卢梭的因素,但是他也同时摆脱了卢梭思想中的情感和去社会化维度。

Rousseau defends his lying behavior from natural tendencies in his The Reveries of The Solitary Walker, and on this basis develops a critique of social virtue and moral duty. For Rousseau, external duty deprives him of his own existence and freedom, and he finally chooses to abandon his actions and return to himself. From Kant’s point of view, however, human freedom can be ensured by rational self-legislation, and at the same time, duty is born out of it. In this sense, Kant realizes the freedom and happiness that Rousseau demanded from another dimension.However, although Kant’s doctrine has a Rousseauian element, he is at the same time free from the emotional and de-socializing dimension of Rousseau’s thought.