珍稀濒危动植物药材替代策略的再思考

Rethinking the substitution strategy of rare and endangered animal and plant medicinal materials

珍稀濒危动植物药材在中医药临床使用中优势明显,需求量大,因其资源稀缺与临床用药需求矛盾凸显,极大限制中医药的发展,积极寻找和开发替代品是推进中医药高质量发展的重要举措。从理论层面与实际应用中不难发现不同替代策略均有各自的优势与劣势,本文以羚羊角与山羊角、黄山药和穿龙薯蓣等为典例,阐明基于亲缘关系寻找替代品的方法与优势;以犀角和水牛角、虎骨和塞隆骨等为典例,阐明基于功效相似寻找替代品的原因与成效;以人工合成麝香、人工合成冰片、体外培育牛黄等为典例,阐明基于成分相似寻找替代品的思路与劣势。综合阐述了三种替代策略现况,分析发现现有替代策略难以遵循中医药理论基础从而发展缓慢,因此,在干细胞/类器官等前沿生物技术快速发展的时期,创新提出从亲缘关系角度同基原替代品的研究新策略:利用动植物自身干细胞培育药用部位,分泌代谢产物,该策略兼顾同基原、同质性要求的替代手段。

Rare and endangered plant and animal herbs have prominent advantages in the clinical use of Chinese medicine and are in great demand.The contradiction between the scarcity of resources and the demand for clinical use has greatly restricted the development.The actively searching for and developing substitutes is an important step to promote the high-quality development of Chinese medicine.Theoretically and practically,it is easy to find that different substitution strategies have their own advantages and disadvantages.In this paper,we use antelope horn and goat horn,Dioscorea panthaica Pram et Burk and Dioscorea nipponica Makino as typical examples to illustrate the methods and advantages of finding substitutes based on kinship;rhinoceros horn and buffalo horn,tiger bone and theron bone as typical examples to illustrate the reasons and effectiveness of finding substitutes based on similar efficacy;the examples of synthetic musk,synthetic borneol,and in vitro cultivation of cowry are used to illustrate the finding substitutes based on similarity of ingredients.The current status of the three alternative strategies is synthesized and the analysis reveals that the existing alternative strategies have difficulty in following the theoretical basis of TCM and are therefore slow to develop.Therefore,at a time of rapid advances in cutting-edge biotechnology such as stem cells/organoids,a novel strategy for studying homologous alternatives from a kinship perspective is proposed:using plant and animal own stem cells to grow medicinal parts and secrete metabolites as a approach that takes into account the requirements of homologous,homologous alternatives.