18世纪俄国在华留学生与中国瓷器在俄国的传播

Russian Students in China and Chinese Porcelain Spread in Russia in the 18th Century

俄国皇家瓷厂创立与中国关系密切,俄政府利用使团、来华商队和传教团随团学生,将获取情报人员植入其中,目的之一是打探中国瓷器配方,回国助力肇建俄国皇家瓷厂。彼得大帝向往的中国瓷器,在伊丽莎白时期实现了本土化,俄国在彼得一世时期就拥有庞大的对华情报网络系统,其中瓷器情报人员在华潜伏时间达15年之久。他们采取隐蔽的方式在中国获取工业情报,甚至深入宫廷内部。俄国自制瓷器开始时完全仿造中国瓷的外形、绘画,但对“中国风”的内涵不甚了解,只是貌似中国风,又在其中融入本国的奢华之风。经过多年发展,制造出符合俄文化审美的“中俄合璧”瓷器。无论如何,中国瓷器在俄罗斯的传播是中俄物质文化交流史上的重要组成部分。瓷器上“中国风”相伴罗曼诺夫王朝至终,中国文化、思想与艺术也通过瓷器得以在俄国乃至世界传播。

The establishment of the Russian Royal Porcelain Factory was closely associated with China.The Russian government implanted intelligence officers in its missions,caravans and missionary students to China and aimed to explore the formula of Chinese porcelain and build the Russian Royal Porcelain Factory.Russia had a vast intelligence network on China during the time of Peter I,when porcelain intelligence officers lurked in China for 15 years,using covert methods to obtain industrial intelligence in China.At the beginning,Russian homemade porcelain completely imitated the shape and painting of Chinese porcelain,but the connotation of"Chinese style"was not well understood.After years of development,it has produced porcelain that combined Chinese style and aesthetics of Russian culture.In any case,the spread of Chinese porcelain in Russia is an important part of the history of China-Russia material cultural exchanges.During the Romanov dynasty,Chinese-style porcelain has always been very popular,and Chinese culture,ideas and art have also spread through porcelain in Russia and the world.