从苏格兰启蒙运动到马克思的劳动与教化

Labor and Bildung from Scottish Enlightenment to Marx

在马克思《巴黎手稿》的“异化章”中,私有财产-异化劳动的“循环论证”始终是难解的问题,要解决此问题需要回溯劳动与教化关系的流变。苏格兰思想家拒斥了劳动与德性的关联,而用公共教育与公共政治弥补其缺憾;但是黑格尔将市民社会理解为去政治化的教养体制,恢复并激进化了两者的内部紧张,这一转变在青年黑格尔派中畸变为“劳动教化”。青年马克思则延续了苏格兰启蒙运动的判断,即劳动对教化的瓦解,以完成对青年黑格尔派的清理,同时又呈现出劳动作为一种“自我确证”方式的新潜能。

In the chapter on alienation in Marx’s Paris Manuscripts,the vicious circle of private property-alienated labor is always a difficult problem to solve.To solve this problem,we need to retrace an important relationship between labor and“Bildung”.The Scottish thinkers rejected the connection between labor and virtue,and compensated it with public education and public politics.However,Hegel’s understanding of civil society as a depoliticized“Bildung”system restored and radicalized the internal tension between the two,a transformation that became aberrated in the Young Hegelians as the“Bildung of labor”.The Young Marx continued the judgment of the Scottish Enlightenment that labor disintegrates virtue in order to complete the purge of the Young Hegelians,while at the same time presented the new potential of labor as a form of“Self-assertion”.