营商环境中诚信机制的私法建设:以缔约为例

Private Law’s Construction of Integrity Mechanisms in Business Enabling Environment:Taking Contracting as an Example

诚信机制在营商环境建设中的重要性毋庸置疑,该机制主要通过微观层面的交易增信与宏观层面的文化塑造来优化营商环境。建设诚信机制时应当区分事后方案与事前方案,事后方案在实践中因出现滥用、误用与救济失当等弊端,诚信建设的重心应当由事后移向事前。事前失信惩戒主要通过民事法律发挥作用,以缔约时的失信惩戒为例,需发挥我国《民法典》中缔约过失制度的作用,改变缔约时当事人博弈的利益分配格局。此背景下的缔约过失制度应被解释细化:构成层面,诚信价值介入先合同义务与归责原则的判断,守信方的信赖程度与失信方的归责性呈反相关关系;效果层面,缔约过失的赔偿范围拓展至机会利益损失,以实现对守信方的完全赔偿、对失信方的充分惩戒。

The importance of the integrity mechanism in the construction of the business enabling environment(BEE)is undoubted,the mechanism is mainly through the micro-level’s enhancing the credit and macro-level culture shaping to optimize the BEE.When building the integrity mechanism,a distinction should be made between ex-post and ex-ante solutions.Ex-post solutions have been abused,misused and improperly remedied in practice,and the focus of integrity building should be shifted from ex-post to ex-ante.The ex-ante punishment for untrustworthiness mainly works through civil law,taking the punishment for untrustworthiness at the time of contracting as an example,the role of Culpa in Contrahendo in the Civil Code should be brought into play to change the benefit distribution pattern of the parties’game at the time of contracting.In this context,Culpa in Contrahendo should be interpreted and refined:at the composition level,the parties’duty to consult and inform should be expanded on the basis of the integrity value,and the reasonable reliance of the counterparty should be taken into account when determining the fault of the defaulting party;at the effect level,the scope of compensation for contractual negligence should be extended to the loss of opportunity benefit,so as to achieve complete compensation for the party who keeps faith and adequate discipline for the party who fails to keep faith.