担保物权委托持有的法律结构

The Legal Framework of Entrusted Holding of Security Interests

面对司法实践中纷杂的担保物权代持纠纷,最高人民法院在《担保制度解释》中开创性地肯认了担保物权委托持有的法律效力,但仍然存在解释分歧。担保物权委托持有机制并未违反物权法定原则和担保的从属性,亦未影响担保人和其他主体的利益,解释上应当持开放性的价值立场。司法解释规定了“担保人知道”和“债权人和他人存在委托关系”的双重要件限制。从解释论出发,担保人仅需知道抽象的债权人和委托事实即可,不应要求其知道具体债权人和委托关系内容。担保物权委托持有规则仅适用于担保领域,不应直接适用《民法典》第925条的一般规定。就可委托代持的担保权利类型而言,非登记型担保物权和人的担保也可以类推适用担保物权委托持有规则。总之,担保物权委托持有制度具有重要的实践价值,应维持其制度开放性,以便利融资,促进金融市场发展。

In the face of various disputes over the entrusted holding of security interests in judicial practice,the Supreme People's Court has recognized the legal validity of the entrusted holding of security rights through judicial interpretation.The entrusted holding mechanism of security property rights does not violate the principle of Numerus Clauses and the subordination of security,nor does it affect the interests of the guarantor and other subjects.The judicial interpretation stipulates the double limitation of“the guarantor knows”and“the creditor has an entrusting relationship with others”.From the perspective of interpretation,the guarantor only needs to know the abstract creditor and the entrustment facts,and should not be required to know the specific creditor and the content of the entrustment relationship.As far as the types of security rights that can be entrusted to be held,the rules of entrusted holding of security interests can also be applied by analogy to non-registered security interests and personal guarantees.