论无效行政行为的认定

On the Identification of Void Administrative Acts

要正确认定无效行政行为,必须重视法学方法的运用。概念与类型是认知思维的两种基础形式。就概念而言,应以利益衡量论考察重大且明显违法标准,令无效行政行为的本质内涵得以厘清,使认定结果具有实质妥当性。就类型而言,应以融贯论思考无效类型与撤销类型的关系,令前者的解释以后者为基点而展开,使无效行政行为类型化获得法律体系内部相关规则的支持与证立。在明确概念和类型的解释方法后,可采用双阶考察法具体操作无效行政行为的认定,即先通过融贯论联结无效类型与撤销类型,使二者始终处于整体观察范围之内;再通过利益衡量论考察系争瑕疵是否符合重大且明显违法标准,进而决定其应涵摄至无效类型还是撤销类型。

To correctly identify void administrative acts,attention must be paid to the using of methods of jurisprudence.Concept and type are the two fundamental units of cognitive thinking.As far as concepts are concerned,the criterion of serious and evident violation of law should be examined with the doctrine of weighing of interests,so that the essential connotation of void administrative acts can be clarified,rendering the result of the determination substantially appropriate.In terms of types,the relationship between the void type and the voidable type should be examined with the coherence theory,so that the interpretation of the former can be based on the latter,enabling the categorization of void administrative acts to be supported and justified by relevant rules within the legal system.After clarifying the methods of interpretation relating to concepts and types,the identification of void administrative acts can be conducted with a two-step analysis in a concrete way,i.e.,first,the void type and the voidable type should be interlinked by means of the coherence theory,so that both are consistently observed in their entirety;and then the doctrine of weighing of interests should be used to examine whether the alleged defect constitutes serious and evident violation of law,thus leading to the determination whether it should be subsumed under the void type or the voidable type.