中国行政机关与“非正式国际法”的实施

Chinese Executive Branch and the Implementation of“Informal International Law”

“非正式国际法”是指国家间签署的不具有法律拘束力,但确立了国家间行为规范,因而具有法律意义的国际文件。由于在非正式国际法项下作出的承诺不构成法律义务,签署国可以自由决定是否以及如何实施非正式国际法,这使得各国普遍没有规定此类文件在本国法律体系中的地位,也使得非正式国际法的国内实施可能会产生一些问题。在多数情况下,非正式国际法由行政机关实施。非正式国际法对于崛起中的中国具有特殊的重要性,此类实践日益增加。从逻辑与实践角度看,中国行政机关实施非正式国际法采取的形式有三种。为了更好地推动与规范我国的非正式国际法实践,尤其是规范行政机关实施非正式国际法的行为,除了“适用”或“参照适用”现有法律外,我国可以考虑针对非正式国际法的谈判与实施,制定专门的规范性文件。

“Informal International Law”refers to an international document signed between states that is not legally binding,but establishes the norms of behavior between states and thus has legal significance.Since commitments made under informal international law do not constitute legal obligations,signatories are free to decide whether and how to implement informal international law.This makes it generally impossible for States to prescribe the status of such documents in their national legal systems and makes the domestic implementation of informal international law potentially problematic.In most cases,informal international law is enforced by executive bodies.Informal international law is of particular importance to a rising China.China adheres to the basic policy of fulfilling its commitments made under informal international law in good faith,but there are also shortcomings in the implementation process.In addition to“applying”or“applying by reference”to existing laws,China can consider formulating special normative documents for the negotiation and practice of informal international law,in order to better promote and regulate informal international law practice,especially when administrative organs implement informal the conduct of international law.