汉语复合态生成的句法-语义层级问题

Syntactic and semantic layers of Chinese aspect complex

杨国文(2001)曾对汉语复合态在有限受控条件下的递归生成过程进行了系统描述。我们在杨文的基础上对汉语复合态生成的句法-语义层级问题提出一些补充意见:一是复合态的生成不都是递归的结果,“长持续”与“实现”的双态复合形式实际上是整合的结果;二是“完全态”中的“实现”或“近经历”与“将行态”的复合是不可逆的,“完全态”始终处于最外层;三是“V+了+复合趋向补语”格式在共同语里相对于“V+复合趋向补语+了”并没有明显独特的语义功能,二者复合态的生成过程是一致的,都是“实现态”处于最外层,但二者在表达功能和句法分布上存在差别;四是动态助词一般无法包蕴另一种态标记,而表达与之相同态意义的副词却可以包蕴另一种态标记,从而构成一个复合态。

Yang(2001) offered a systematic description of the structures of aspect complex in Chinese by a restricted recursive method.This paper further proposes four arguments concerning the syntactic and semantic layers of Chinese aspect complex.Firstly,not all aspect complexes are generated recursively.Those constituted of “long duration” and “realization” are synthesized instead.Secondly,the combination of perfective “realization” or “immediate past experience” with prospective aspect is not reversible.The outer layer should always be that of perfective.Thirdly,the semantic features of “V+le(了) +CDC(compound directional complement)” and “V+CDC+le” are not distinctive from each other.The two structures are generated similarly with “realization” at the outmost layer but they differ in the function and syntactic distribution.Fourthly,aspectual markers are generally unable to be embedded under aspectual particles.However,they can appear under aspectual adverbs which are semantically similar to aspectual particles.