中国博物馆公共性的本土话语与治理实践

Local Discourse of Publicity of Chinese Museums and the Management Practice

中国博物馆的演变深受国家治理体制影响,并映射了中国本土公私观念与思维结构。中国博物馆的“公共性”表达,一方面体现为中国传统“公家、公门”意义的持续在场,政府主导下的各类公立博物馆是民国以来博物馆的主体类型;另一方面体现为规范性、伦理性的“公”发挥了重要作用,现代民族国家视域下,“国家-国民”的公理观成为民国以来博物馆的价值合法性来源。中华人民共和国成立后,博物馆单位体制与“人民观”的确立与发展,进一步固化了侧重国家主体意义、国有领域性的“公”与侧重“国-民”关系、规范性、伦理性的“公”相互嵌套和相互制约的结构性关系。这种结构关系构建了中国博物馆公共性的主要特征。

The evolution of Chinese museums has been deeply influenced by the country’s governance system.It also reflects the traditional Chinese concepts and way of thinking about gong(public)and si(private).The publicity of Chinese museums,on the one hand,represents the traditional sense in China of public institutions as associated with government or bureaucracy,with government-led public museums being the main type of museums since the Republic of China.On the other hand,the publicity is also featured in a normative and ethical sense that the conception of“state-national”has justified the value of museums since the Republic time.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the establishment of the peopleoriented view and the identification of the museum as a governmental institution further solidified the intertwined and mutually constrained structural relationship between the two senses of publicity.It is this structural relationship that defines the characteristics of the publicity of Chinese museums.