安知同穴者——從傅永故事看北朝女性的合葬與權力

How to Know Who Will Be Buried in the Same Grave--Female Joined Burial and Power in the Northern Dynasties in the Light of the Story of Fu Yong

北魏傅永喪葬故事是一個“箭垛式”的事件,充斥着種種尖鋭的衝突和糾紛,是觀察北朝妻妾關係、喪葬制度乃至政治文化的重要線索。以胡太后爲代表的國家權力,最終否定傅永葬於洛陽邙山的遺願。時人和史家對此顯然持批評態度。誰與男性家長合葬,無疑是困擾北朝一夫兩妻或多妻家族的難題。北朝並無禮法規定前妻爲尊,後妻地位有時更高。合葬方式也是北朝喪葬制度與實踐的組成部分,同時體現出華夷觀念的分野。華夏高門延續漢代大族的合葬方式,以同穴異棺或同穴異室爲主,而胡人或胡化漢人的合葬墓,有時采取同棺合葬或石床合葬等形式。

The story of Fu Yong's burial in the Northern Wei Dynasty was an event as the"Targets of Arrows",full of sharp conflicts and disputes,and an important clue to observe the relationship between wives and concubines,the burial system and even the political culture of the Northern Dynasties.The state power,represented by Empress Dowager Hu,ultimately denied Fu Yong's last wish to be buried at Luoyang's Mangshan Mountain.Contemporaries and historians were clearly critical of this.The question of who will be buried with the male parent was undoubtedly a difficult issue for families whose husbands had two wives or polygamous families in the Northern Dynasties.There was no etiquette and law that made the first wife the superior,and the remarried wife sometimes had higher status.Joint burial practices were also an integral part of the funerary systems and practices of the Northern dynasties,while reflecting the distinction between the concept of Chinese and Barbarians.While the medieval aristocratic families continued the pattern of joint burial of great clans in the Han Dynasty,mainly in the same grave with separate coffins or in the same grave with separate chambers,the joint burial tombs of the Non-Chinese people sometimes took the form of joint burials in the same coffin or in the same stone bed.