明季朋黨話語與派系格局再考——以東林、三黨爲線索

Factional Discourse and Factionalism in Late Ming China:A Case Study Based on Donglin and Sandang

東林及其反對者均由萬曆三十年代中期反閣臣傳衣鉢與反浙黨的官僚衍生而來,辛亥京察、荆熊分袒等皆促成派系格局的分化與組合,確立起東林與反東林對立的話語模式。包括東林與三黨在内的晚明諸黨,並非政治立場協調一致的士大夫集團,而是變動的話語與身份標籤。這種流動的朋黨名目與亦虚亦實的派系結構,一方面使晚明士大夫較易變化身份以因應時局,另一方面亦促使朝廷别白派系身份、固化朋黨名目,加劇了時局的二元分化。萬曆末年有關“無黨”的討論,至崇禎年間演變爲主張崇尚實行與事功,以淡化派系界域、止息身份之爭。

The Donglin and its early opposite were both originated from officials who took an opposing stance on authoritarian Grand Secretariat and so-called Zhedang during the third decade of Wanli era.The personnel evaluation of 1611,the confliction between Xiong Tingbi and Jing Yangqiao resulted in the differentiation and combination of factionalism.The binary factional discourse between Donglin and anti-Donglin was thus gradually constructed.Factions in Late Ming,including Donglin and Sandang,should be considered as changing discourses and labels without fixed composition or boundary.Those floating names of factions and semi-real factional structure,in one way,allowed officials easy to change own factional identity;in another way,forced court to identify various factions as well as to fix the boundaries between them,intensifying the existing binary opposition.From claims on“eliminating factionalism”during late-Wanli era to propositions raised during Chongzhen era that judging an official by the fulfillment of his duty rather than by his factional identity,officialscholars tried various ways to cease the dispute on factional identities.