基于冰模板法构筑孔道结构的合成策略及研究进展

Synthesis strategy and research progress of pore structure by the ice-templating method

冰模板法也称为定向冷冻法或冷冻铸造法,具有微观结构可调控性强、原料适用范围广、可制备大尺寸材料等优势,被广泛应用于定向调控陶瓷、聚合物、金属和碳材料等材料的制备领域。探讨冰模板法控制功能纳米材料组装成分级多孔复合材料的影响机制,解析冰模板法与其他材料的加工工艺的相互作用关系,对改善材料性能和开发新材料具有重要意义。该文阐述了冰模板法制备多尺度复杂仿生结构材料的基本原理、合成策略以及孔隙调控作用,并以冰晶成核和生长为重点,总结了冰模板法对孔道结构进行调控的措施。此外,还介绍了冰模板法辅助构造孔几何形状(0D、1D、2D和3D宏观结构),以及组装成块状物体(微球、纤维、薄膜和整体)。最后分析了复合材料的微观结构和宏观形貌的相关性,总结了不同冷冻过程对孔道结构的影响机制,并展望了该领域未来的发展方向。

Ice-templating method,also known as directional freezing or freeze-casting method,has been widely used in the preparation of directionally controlled ceramics,polymers,metals,and carbon materials because of its advantages of strong controllability of microstructure,wide range of raw materials,and the ability for large-scale material production.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the impact mechanisms of ice-templating method on controlling functional nanomaterials for composite material assembly,and the interaction relationship of ice-templating method with other materials′processing methodologies for material properties improvement and new material development.Herein,the fundamental principles,synthesis strategies and pore regulation of multi-scale complex bionic structural materials prepared by ice-templating method were described.The measures for pore structure control of icetemplating method,especially the nucleation and growth of ice crystals,were also summarized,followed by discussions on the assisted pore geometry(0D,1D,2D,and 3D macrostructures),as well as,larger bulk objects(microspheres,fibers,films,and monoliths)construction by ice-templating method.Finally,the correlation between the microstructure and macro-morphology of the composites was analyzed,the influence mechanism of different freezing processes on the pore structure was highlighted,and the future development directions in this field was prospected.