清袭明职:论明清鼎革之际清朝的土司承袭制度

"Qing Dynasty Inheriting the Titles of Chieftains in the Ming Dynasty":Inheritance of the Chieftain System in the Qing Dynasty during the Revolution of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

清朝的土司承袭制度不只是学界认为的父死(或父退)子继(或家族其他人员继承)的世袭制度,还应该包括明清鼎革之际清朝土司承袭明朝土司职衔的制度,即“清袭明职”土司承袭制度。“清袭明职”的出现有着明清鼎革的历史时空背景及浓厚政治意图,清朝政府在明清鼎革之际多次重申并严格落实这一制度,无疑加快了明清鼎革的历史进程,在一定程度上保障了王朝更替期间土司地区的社会稳定。此外,“清袭明职”制度对清朝的其他军事行动也产生了重要影响。

The chieftain inheritance system in the Qing Dynasty is not only a hereditary system in which the father dies(or the father retires)and the son inherits(or other family members inherit),but also a system in which chieftains in the Qing Dynasty inherited the titles of chieftains in the Ming Dynasty during the Ming and Qing dynasties,namely,the chieftain inheritance system of the"Qing Dynasty inheriting the titles of chieftains in the Ming Dynasty".The emergence of the"Qing Dynasty inheriting the Ming Dynasty"has the historical and temporal background and strong political intentions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Qing government repeatedly reaffirmed and strictly implemented this system,undoubtedly accelerating the historical process of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and to a certain extent ensuring the social stability of the chieftain region during the dynasty transition.In addition,the system of"Qing Dynasty inheriting the titles of chieftains in the Ming Dynasty"also had an important impact on other military operations in the Qing Dynasty.