大豆诱变育种技术的研究进展

Research Progress of Mutation Breeding Technology in Soybean

随着经济的发展,人们对大豆需求量及品质要求越来越高,培育高产量、多抗性、优质大豆品种迫在眉睫。然而受生态条件的限制,优质大豆种质资源材料匮乏,遗传背景狭窄,而且大豆自然变异过程繁琐且漫长,仅依靠大豆自发突变获得优质遗传材料十分困难,因此利用诱变技术创制优质、高产、多抗新种质是发展大豆产业的有效手段之一。诱变育种技术与常规育种相比,更有利于提高基因变异频率,扩大育种选择范围,高通量筛选有益突变,促进优良性状重组等,能够在短时间内获得性状丰富的突变体,解决种质资源遗传基础狭窄的瓶颈问题,广泛应用于优良性状的大豆新品种选育。本文概述了化学诱变、物理诱变的原理、种类及特点,总结归纳了国内外大豆种质创新中常用的诱变方法和技术优势,展望未来大豆诱变育种技术的应用前景,为大豆育种实践提供参考与启发。

With the development of economy, people have higher demand for soybean and higher quality, so it is urgent to cultivate soybean varieties with high yield, multi-resistance and high quality. Due to ecological constraints, the high-quality soybean germplasm resources are scarce and they have narrow genetic background. Furthermore the process of natural variation in soybeans is tedious and lengthy, it becomes very difficult to obtain high-quality genetic material from spontaneous mutations. Therefore, using mutagenesis technology to create new germplasm with high quality, high yield and multiple resistance is one of the effective means to develop soybean production. Compared with conventional breeding, mutation breeding technology can improve genetic variation frequency and expand the scope of the breeding selection, select high throughput beneficial mutations, promote the advantages of excellent characters restructuring. Thus, the mutant with rich characters can be obtained in a short time to solve the bottleneck problem of narrow genetic basis of germplasm resources, and it is widely used in the breeding of new soybean varieties with good characters. This paper reviewed the application mechanism, category and feature of chemical mutagenesis, physical mutagenesis, summary the common mutation methods frequently used and technical advantages in soybean germplasm innovation at home and abroad, predict the application prospect of the future application and development soybean mutagenesis breeding technology, and to provide reference for production practice in soybean.