数字时代身体知识化与身体技术的嬗变——文献的梳理与评价

The Intellectualization of Body and the Evolution of Body Technique in the Digital Age: Review and Evaluation of Literature

身体技术是人类所“发明”的最原初的技术形态,也是人类日常生产活动、体育锻炼的基础,随着科技发展和社会进步,身体技术在数字技术的影响下,又呈现出更为丰富的内涵。本研究从技术社会学的视角,将莫斯的“身体技术”观、布迪厄的“惯习论”和福柯的“自我技术”作为理论基础,对以数字时代为背景的身体技术研究进行了梳理与评价,阐释了数字时代的身体技术在本体论意义上的知识化进程与嬗变。具体表现为:(1)身体性的实践之知深入人心和个人主义身体观的形成;(2)在数字技术的“规训”下,人们凭借理性化、科学化的身体之知,最终完成“自我赋权”的身体实践过程;(3)当个体成为“数字的劳工”时,人们认识到体育这一传统身体知识的重要性,通过体育运动来实现“人的再生产”,即自我认同与提升的认识过程;(4)尽管面临着工具理性扩张的潜在威胁,身体凭借数字时代特有的大众传媒,完成了有效的社会生产与实践,即以一种个人化的双向交流形式,进行身体知识的传播,构建起全新的、去中心化的社会关系网络。(5)“个体实践——认识——社会实践”的三个阶段中,最终指向的都是身体技术之知在数字时代新的呈现方式:身体技术的存在意义已不只是引导身体的活动,而是引导身体实现自我的赋权与提升,并获得一种符合社会规范的超越性意义与价值。

Body technique is the most primitive form of technology “invented” by mankind, and it is also the basis of human daily production activities and physical exercises.With the development of technology and social progress, body technique has shown more abundant connotations influenced by the digital technology.From the perspective of the sociology of technology, the research takes Moss’s “body technology” view, Bourdieu’s “habitus” and Foucault’s “self technology” as the theoretical bases, sorts out and evaluates the body technique with the digital age as the background and explains the knowledge process of body technique in the ontological sense under this special background. This knowledge process is embodied in aspects as follows. Firstly, the knowledge of physical practice enters the hearts of the people and an individualistic view of the body forms. Secondly, under the “discipline” of digital technology, people finally complete the body practice process of “self-empowerment” with the knowledge of rational and scientific body technique.Thirdly, when individuals are “digital laborers”, people realize the importance of traditional physical knowledge of sports, and realize “human reproduction” through sports, that is, the process of self-identification and improvement. Fourthly, although facing the potential threat of the expansion of tool rationality, the body has completed effective social production and practice by virtue of the mass media unique in the digital age, that is, in a form of personal two-way communication, the body knowledge is disseminated and a new and decentralized social network is constructed.Finally, the three stages of “individual practice-cognition-social practice” ultimately point to the new presentation of the knowledge of body technique in the digital age: the meaning of body technique is not just to guide the body’s activities, but to guide the body to achieve self-empowerment and improvement, and obtain a transcendent meaning and value that conforms to social norms.