化肥减量配合有机肥部分替代对土壤性状及苹果产量和品质的影响

Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction with Organic Fertilizer Partial Substitution on Soil Properties and Apple Yield and Quality

化肥减施的同时实现苹果增产增收已成为威海市苹果产业可持续发展中的关键问题。为探究化肥减量配施有机肥条件下苹果产量和品质的主效应因素,于2020年1—11月,以“富士”苹果为试验材料,在化肥施用量减少25%条件下配合施用有机肥,并按照施肥时期和施肥量的不同设置8个处理,[(1)CF1,100%化肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(2)CF2,100%化肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(3)T1,75%化肥+25%有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(4)T2,75%化肥+25%有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(5)T3,50%化肥+50%有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(6)T4,50%化肥和50%有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(7)T5,100%有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(8)T6,100%有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用],研究不同处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,在化肥减量25%条件下,有机肥替代部分化肥能明显提高土壤质量及果实品质。与CF2相比,T2处理总酸度显著降低11.8%,产量增加5.96%,单果重增加5.13%;土壤EC值、铵态氮和有效磷含量显著提高。VPA分析结果显示,土壤养分(硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾)对苹果产量的解释度为30.4%,是其主效应因素;土壤pH值是影响苹果品质的主要因子,对品质变化的解释度高达67.7%。综上,化肥减施配合有机肥部分替代,可通过影响土壤pH值、提高土壤速效养分含量,来提高苹果产量和品质。

How to achieve increased apple yield and benefit when reducing chemical fertilizer application has become an urgent problem in sustainable development of apple industry in Weihai City.In order to investigate the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and combined with organic fertilizer on apple yield and quality,in this study,“Fuji”apple was used as experimental material,the chemical fertilizer application was reduced by 25%and combined with organic fertilizer,and eight treatments were set according to the fertilizer application period and amount,namely:(1)CF1,100%chemical fertilizer,applied in autumn during the early stage of fruit expansion;(2)CF2,100%chemical fertilizer,applied in autumn during the late stage of fruit expansion;(3)T1,75%chemical fertilizer+25%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the early stage of fruit expansion;(4)T2,75%chemical fertilizer+25%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the late stage of fruit expansion;(5)T3,50%chemical fertilizer+50%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the early stage of fruit expansion;(6)T4,50%chemical fertilizer+50%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the late stage of fruit expansion;(7)T5,100%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the early stage of fruit expansion;(8)T6,100%organic fertilizer,applied in autumn during the late stage of fruit expansion.The results showed that under the condition of 25%chemical fertilizer reduction,organic replacement of some chemical fertilizers could obviously improve soil quality and fruit quality.Compared with CF2,T2 treatment significantly reduced the titratable acid content by 11.8%and increased the yield and single fruit weight by 5.96%and 5.13%,respectively,and significantly increased the soil EC value,ammonium nitrogen and effective phosphorus contents.VPA analysis showed that the interpretation degree of soil nutrients(nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium)to apple yield was 30.4%,which was the main effect factor.The main factor affecting apple quality was soil pH value,whose interpretation degree to apple quality change was 67.7%.In conclusion,in the system of chemical fertilizer reduction and combined with organic fertilizer,the apple yield and quality could be improved by influencing soil pH value and increasing soil available nutrient contents.