美国联邦政府援建公路项目探源——以20世纪前期联邦公路立法为中心

The Origins of American Federal-Aid Highway Program:Centering on the Federal Highway Acts in the Early 20th Century

19世纪后期,美国自行车骑手发起的“公路改善运动”,使各州政府意识到地方恶劣的道路状况,在全美公路改善联盟的积极游说下,1916年和1921年国会先后通过了两部公路援助立法,标志着联邦政府援助公路建设的开始,各州相继成立了专门的公路部门,负责地方的公路建设。与此同时,美国掀起了第一波兴建公路的热潮,实现了最初“让农民摆脱泥浆”的目标。罗斯福新政时期,公路建设作为重要的就业措施得以推行,城市公路首次获得联邦资助,联邦政府对公路建设的干预进一步加大。这一时期联邦公路项目确立了州与联邦的伙伴关系以及有限的公路系统的两大原则,对后来联邦公路项目的发展产生了深远影响。

In the late 19th century,the“Good Roads Movement”launched by American cyclists made the state governments aware of the bad road conditions.Under the active lobbying of the National Good Roads Alliance,Congress passed two highway aid legislation in 1916 and 1921,marking the beginning of the federal government’s assistance to road construction.Each state successively established special highway departments to be responsible for local highway construction.At the same time,the United States set off the first wave of highway construction boom and achieved the initial goal of“Get the Farmers Out of the Mud”.During Roosevelt’s New Deal period,highway construction was implemented as an important employment measure.Urban highways received federal funding for the first time,and the federal government further increased its intervention in highway construction.During this period,the federal-aid highway program established state-federal partnership and limited highway system,both of these two principles had a profound impact on the later development of the federal-aid highway program.