从自在到自觉——清末民国时期古建筑的文物身份觉醒和归属刍议

From Things-in-Themselves to Self-consciousness:The Awakening of Historic Architecture’s Identity as Cultural Relics and Their Jurisdiction,Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

通过对清末民国法规文件、官方活动和代表性民间叙事里的保护对象:古迹、古物和文物的含义、所指范围是否囊括建筑及其转变原因的考察,厘清这一时期建筑的文物身份觉醒和归属的基本面貌。觉醒的关键节点应该是营造学社的成立,而归属,则于古迹、古物和文物——三条脉络间辗转演进,并剖析不同脉络背后所隐含的观念变迁,增益建筑遗产的观念史研究。建筑的文物身份觉醒和归属,其背后是当时国人自身文化身份的觉醒,同时反映了近代遗产保护话语形成过程中的诸多关键问题,如保护对象和保护范围的嬗变。这提醒我们要传承优秀传统观念,对外来话语保持审慎的态度。

Based on regulations and documents of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China(1840–1949),as well as official activities and representative folk narratives,this article examines the meanings,the inclusion relationship with architecture,and the reasons for the historical changes in the aspects of the protected objects:‘historic sites(guji)’,‘antiquities(guwu)’,and‘cultural relics(wenwu)’.It clarifies the fundamental facts in the awakening and jurisdiction of architecture’s identity as protected objects in this period.The key point of the awakening should be the establishment of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture(Zhongguo Yingzao Xueshe).At the same time,the jurisdiction developed amongst the three threads of historic sites,antiquities,and cultural relics.This article further analyses the conceptual transformations behind the threads to benefit the history of ideas of architectural heritage.The awakening of Chinese people’s cultural identity is behind the awakening and jurisdiction of their architecture’s identity as cultural relics.It reflects the critical issues in forming modern heritage protection discourse,such as the evolution of protected objects and protection scope,reminding us of inheriting traditional values and maintaining a cautious stance toward the imported discourses on heritage.