国际视野下1+X证书制度的审视——基于对英德两国职业教育模块化实践的分析

A Review of the 1+X Certificate System from an International Perspective——Based on Analysis of the Modularization Practices of Vocational Education in the UK and Germany

1+X证书制度试点工作是近年来我国职业教育重要的改革措施之一,在内涵和功能上与世界范围内诸多国家尝试的职业教育模块化改革高度相似,可以被看作是一种相对温和的模块化改革。英国与德国的职业教育在过去若干年间分别进行了模块化的改革。英国采用激进的路径,虽在满足学习者需要、顺应劳动力市场变化等方面取得了一定的成效,但没有从根本上破除困扰英国职业教育发展的若干困境;德国则选择了相对温和保守的路径,能够促进职业教育更好地适应技术变革等挑战,并服务于不同背景的学习者,但由于受到利益相关群体的质疑和反对,模块化的改革程度相对有限。英德两国模块化路径选择的差异反映了两国不同的职业教育范式和治理模式,且这种差异扎根于两国不同的产业特征和社会制度之中。相关实践对于我国1+X证书制度试点工作具有一定的借鉴和启示意义。

In recent years,the pilot project work of the 1+X certificate system is one of the essential reforms of vocational education in China.It is highly similar in connotation and function to the modularization reform of vocational education that has been tried out in many countries worldwide.So it can be regarded as a relatively modest modularization reform.In the UK and Germany,vocational education has also undergone modularization reforms over several years.The radical path taken by UK has successfully met the needs of learners and responded to changes in the labor market.However,it has not fundamentally solved some of the dilemmas plaguing the development of vocational education in UK.Germany’s relatively moderate and conservative path has been able to make vocational education better adapt to challenges such as technological reform,and to serve learners from different backgrounds better.But the extent of modularization reform has been relatively limited due to queries and opposition from various stakeholders.The differences in the choice of modularization pathways between the UK and Germany reflect their different paradigms and modes of governance of vocational education.Besides,these differences are rooted in their industrial characteristics and social systems.These relevant practices have implications for piloting the 1+X certificate system in China.