评价理论与司法实践:法庭互动话语中的评价分析

Appraisal system and judicial practice: Analysis on Chinese courtroom discourse

评价是语篇意义的核心问题,评价理论对评价资源进行系统分析,被广泛用于书面语篇的意义描写,但在互动话语中的适用研究缺乏深入讨论。文章基于评价理论对法庭互动中的评价语言进行全面考察,发现评价资源使用具有两大倾向:介入评价特别是单声介入评价的使用相当凸显;介入、态度、级差三大评价子系统的使用呈现评价主体的不平衡。这是不同评价主体在语用功能驱动下所选择的评价资源使用,以实现这三大语用策略:1)身份构建的施为资源;2)立场博弈的人际资源;3)听众联盟的语用资源。不同法庭参与者倾向不同的语用策略,深层原因在于评价语言是权势压制下由语类决定的主观性语言选择,权势高位的参与者多用评价语言实现强势身份构建和加强话语控制权,权势低位的参与者则多用评价语言实现立场博弈和听众联盟,以尽可能地降低或消解权势高位参与者的语言操控。

Evaluation is the core issue of discourse semantics. Appraisal system is widely used to analyze evaluating languages in various kinds of written discourses, but less in interactive discourses. The application research of appraisal system on Chinese courtroom discourses is focused in this paper. It is found that the uses of appraisal resources have two major tendencies: engagements, especially monogloss, is highly used;and different speakers have distinguished performances on engagement, attitude and graduation. It is further argued that those uses are pragmatically motivated to realize these three pragmatic strategies: performative resource of identity construction, interpersonal resource of stance-taking,and pragmatic resource of audience alignment. And this paper finally proposes that different uses of appraisal rescources can not only achieve specific pragmatic functions, but also manipulate discourses to some extent, which contributes to the realization of distinct institutional goals of various roles in courtroom.