历史激荡中的组织再造——1957年前后工厂民主改革的尝试与工会论争的疑难

Organizational Reshuffle in the Turmoils of History:Pilot Reform for Democratic Management of Factories and Debates over Trade Union before and after 1957

1957年前后,在新中国政治现实的剧烈转换中,工人和工会与工厂的矛盾以集体冲突的形式凸显出来。中共高层从“正确处理人民内部矛盾”的辩证法视野出发,将问题的根源认定为官僚主义,力图通过工厂管理的民主改革,建立职工代表大会制度,解决这一矛盾。但这种认识-实践方式遮蔽了矛盾背后的组织难题——党委、行政和工会关系的不协调。随后出现的工会论争,将这一组织难题置于不同认识方式交锋与对话的核心地带,并由此探索重构工会在工厂之组织位置及其功能的可能路径。尽管这种探索包含着认识限制,并在历史的激荡中无果而终,但不同历史实践者的意识苦恼及实践敏感性,仍然是值得重视并深究的宝贵资源。

Around 1957,in the drastic transformation of the political reality of New China,the contradictions between workers,trade unions and factories became prominent in the form of collective conflicts.In order to“correctly handle the benign contradictions among the people,”the top level of the CPC put the situation in a dialectic perspective and identified the root cause of the problem as bureaucracy.They tried to solve this contradiction through the democratic reform of factory management and the establishment of workers’congress system.Unfortunately,this way of understanding and practicing lost sight of the organizational problem behind the contradiction:the relational incongruity between the party committee,the administration,and the trade union.The ensuing union controversy placed this organizational dilemma at the heart of the confrontations and dialogues between different views,in which possible ways of reconstructing the position and function of the trade union in a factory was explored.Although this exploration contained cognitive limitations and ended fruitlessly in the turmoils of history,the consciousness distress and practical sensitivity of the different practitioners in that historical period are still valuable cognitive resources worthy of attention and in-depth study for us today.