欧盟及英国能源与气候政策及启示

Energy and climate policies of the EU and UK and their implications

欧盟为实现2050年“零碳欧洲”的目标制定了详尽的能源与气候相关政策,文章通过对欧盟及英国能源与气候领域实现碳中和相关政策的梳理,总结出其主要特点及对中国的启示。欧盟能源与气候政策特点包括:(1)采用自上而下与自下而上相结合的方式将欧盟整体减排目标按照公平原则分配给各成员国,各成员国制定并调整各自目标确保整体目标的实现;(2)制定详尽的电力、工业、交通和建筑等部门转型规划,重视风光、氢能等新能源技术的应用,设定煤电转型、核能发展、能效提升、碳捕集、电气化、建筑改造等具体发展目标,并突出能源安全在转型规划中的重要性;(3)设立完善与成熟的碳市场制度与公正转型机制支持转型目标的实现,并通过技术对话与气候融资助力发展中国家的减排。中国在构建碳达峰碳中和政策体系中应首先研究制定全国碳达峰与碳中和实现路径,在此基础上统筹制定各省份公平公正的转型方案,并细化各部门的达峰中和方案,加强关键技术的示范与研发。同时,应注重保障制度的建设,发展与完善碳市场制度、绿色金融体系与公正转型机制,兼顾能源系统转型中的社会经济效益。

To achieve the goal of‘Net-zero Europe’by 2050,the European Union(EU)has set up detailed policies in the fields of energy and climate.This paper summarizes the main characteristics of relevant policies in the EU and UK and their implications for China by reviewing these policies in the achievement of the carbon neutrality goal and other goals in the energy and climate fields.The characteristics of these energy and climate policies include:①Top-down and bottom-up approaches are adopted to distribute the EU’s overall emission reduction targets to member states in accordance with the principle of fairness,and each member state formulates and adjusts its own goals to ensure the realization of the overall goals.②Detailed transition plans are formulated for the power,industry,transportation,and building sectors;importance is attached to the application of new and renewable energy technologies such as solar,wind,and hydrogen energy;specific goals are set concerning coal power transition,nuclear energy development,energy efficiency improvement,carbon capture and storage,electrification,and building renovations;and the importance of energy security in transition planning is stressed.③A sound and mature emissions trading system and a fair transition mechanism are established to support the realization of the transition goals,and developing countries are helped to reduce emissions through technical dialogues and climate financing.To reach peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality,China should develop relevant roadmaps at national,sectoral,and provincial levels and strengthen R&D of key decarbonization technologies.At the same time,China should enhance its regulatory regime,and improve the carbon emissions trading system,the green financial system,and the just transition mechanism.