宋代儒佛之辩中的“心”与“觉”

Mind and Awakening in the Debate between Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism

心性论是宋代儒佛之辩的核心议题,本文以儒佛共用的概念“心”与“觉”为核心,从禅宗和理学两方面分析儒佛差异,重点关注以朱熹为代表的南宋儒者在辟佛时所针对的禅宗思想和儒佛之辩的根本原则。在“心”与“觉”的问题上,儒佛之辩的重点在于觉、心、性三者的关系和理路,尤其是禅宗中以知觉为佛性的思想。是否向上一提,有超越“心”与“觉”的最高本体——天理,成为理学与禅宗的根本差异。鉴于程门后学中出现轻视形上本体,强调发挥心之知觉作用的思想倾向,与禅宗单讲觉、觉悟之心有相似之处,因而南宋儒佛之辩的重点转向了儒门内部的思想清理。

The relationship between Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in the Song and Ming Dynasties is an important issue of Chinese philosophy.Although most Neo-Confucians of the time rejected Buddhism,Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism shared many common concepts and ideological structures.In the Song Dynasty,the debate between Confucians and Buddhists went through three stages of development.In the first,both talked about political,economic,social,and other practical issues;in the second,with the founding of Neo-Confucianism,both focused on different values and standards;and in the third,during the Southern Song Dynasty,both turned to deep theories concerning ideological discrimination.