激励相容原则在个别可转让配额与投入控制制度中的实现

Realization of incentive compatibility principle in individual transferable quota and input control system

个别可转让配额(ITQ)制度和投入控制制度是海洋渔业资源管理的两种模式,其建构的逻辑起点和意图达成的管理目标是一致的。围绕控制捕捞努力量、恢复渔业资源、提高渔业经济效率、优化资源配置四个管理目标,通过将ITQ制度与投入控制制度依据激励相容原则进行比较后发现,ITQ制度由于具体设计方面的特殊性,内含更多的激励效应,基本能够把渔民个体追求利益最大化的动机与渔业资源的养护和可持续发展目标统一起来,激励相容度更高。与此同时,ITQ制度也存在总可捕量难以设定、配额分配的公平性、配额的过度集中与垄断、兼捕及优化渔获物的逆向选择、监管工作难度大等现实困境需要解决。针对这些困境,通过补充性的配套制度安排能够加以破解或缓解。由于ITQ制度在激励相容方面的比较优势,在条件成熟的情况下,对特定海域的特定鱼种实施ITQ制度可以作为投入控制制度的一种替代选择模式。

Individual transferable quota(ITQ) and input control systems are two models of marine fishery resource management.The logical starting point of their construction is consistent with the management goal they intend to achieve.Focusing on the four management objectives of controlling fishing effort,restoring fishery resources,improving fisheries economic efficiency and optimizing resource allocation,after comparing the ITQ system with the input control system according to the principle of incentive compatibility,due to the particularity of the specific design,we found that ITQ system contains more incentive effects,which can basically unify the individual fishermen′s motivation to pursue the maximization of interests with the goal of the conservation and sustainable development of fishery resources,thus has a higher incentive compatibility.At the same time,ITQ system also has real dilemmas that need to be resolved.These dilemmas include,for example,the difficulty in setting the total allowable catch,the fairness of quota allocation,the excessive concentration and monopoly of quotas,the adverse selection of bycatch and optimizing catches,and the difficulties of supervision.Supplementary supporting institutional arrangements should aid to deal with these difficulties.Due to the comparative advantages of the ITQ system in terms of incentive compatibility,when conditions are mature,the implementation of ITQ system for specific fish species in specific sea areas is applicable as an alternative mode for controlling the input.