应急避难场所运行管理地方标准的制定研究与应用实践

Research on and Application of Local Standards for the Operation of Emergency Shelters

针对应急避难场所存在重建轻管、未形成运行管理技术理论体系、缺乏应急运维管理标准等问题,因地制宜地制定运行管理地方标准,发挥推荐性标准的引导作用,有利于促进应急避难场所运行管理水平提升。本文基于应急避难(险)行为机制分析和应急救助工作实际,探讨了制定应急避难场所运行管理地方标准的需求,借鉴活动分析法的基本原理,构建了标准编制的技术框架,强调在应急避难场所运行过程中时间和空间相统一的重要性,突出应急避难(险)活动模式形成过程中时间、空间和参与者特征等方面的制约因素。通过DB4403/T255-2022《台风暴雨室内应急避难场所运行管理指南》的实践应用,验证了技术框架的可行性和有效性。

To address the issues on emergency shelters, such as attaching much more importance to construction than operation, no technical and theoretical systems of operation, and lacking maintenance and management standards, developing local standards for the operation of emergency shelters according to local conditions can be the guide for improving the operation management of emergency shelters. Based on the analysis of evacuation and refuge behavior mechanism and combined with the reality of emergency relief, this paper discusses the demand of developing the standard for the operation of emergency shelters, and constructs the technical framework referenced to the fundamental principles of activity-based approach, which emphasizes the importance of the unity of time and space in the operation of emergency shelters, and highlights the constraints of time, space and participant characteristics in the formation of evacuation and refuge activity pattern. The feasibility and effectiveness of the technical framework are verified through the practical application of DB 4403/T 255-2022, Indoor emergency shelter operation guidelines for typhoon and rainstorm.