国际公约对有毒有害物质海洋污染的规制及对我国立法的启示

Regulations of Marine Pollution by Hazardous and Noxious Substances in International Conventions and Their Enlightenment to China’s Legislation

近年来,船载有毒有害物质海洋污染作为一种较新的海洋环境污染已进入人们的视野,但对其防治的立法及赔偿机制亟待完善。我国有毒有害物质海洋污染立法面临新的挑战,有关国际公约的规定和法理对规制海洋有毒有害物质污染具有深刻的研究价值。《巴塞尔议定书》以及HNS公约等国际规则和国际公约中较成熟完善的赔偿制度包括:较高的船舶所有人责任限额,强制保险制度以及HNS赔偿基金制度等能均衡分配各方的责任承担,从而更有效地保障受害者得到及时和充分的赔偿。这些更为完善合理的赔偿机制应当引起国内相关海事立法的反思与积极借鉴,以此填补国内对海上有毒有害物质污染事故归责以及赔偿机制的立法缺口,重构与发展国内海事法律体系,致力于推进海商法国际化的发展。

In recent years,as a relatively new marine environmental pollution,marine pollution by noxious and hazardous ship borne materials has attracted public attention,but the legislation and compensation mechanism for its prevention and control are still far from perfect.The legislation against marine pollution by noxious and hazardous substances in China is facing new challenges.The provisions and legal principles of relevant international conventions are of great research value for the prevention and control of marine noxious and hazardous materials pollution.The more mature and perfect compensation systems in international rules and conventions such as the Protocol on Liability to the Basel Convention and the HNS Convention include:higher limitation of ship owner’s liability,compulsory insurance and HNS compensation fund,which can balance the responsibilities of all parties so as to more effectively ensure that victims can receive timely and adequate compensation.These more perfect and reasonable compensation mechanisms in international conventions are worth the reflection and positive reference of relevant maritime legislation in China so as to fill the legislative gap of domestic liability and compensation mechanism for marine pollution accidents caused by noxious and hazardous substances,reconstruct and develop the domestic maritime legal system,and strive to promote the international approach to the development of maritime law.