城市手工业的演变:宁波市二轻工业的发展(1949-1978)

The Evolution of Urban Handicraft Industry:The Development of Ningbo's Second Light Industry,1949-1978

宁波地处浙江沿海,有着悠久的手工业传统。1949年开始,国家通过社会主义改造介入了宁波手工业,促使其发生变化。1949—1957年,以印刷、食品、针织、皮革等日用行业为代表的手工业合作社相继成立,一定程度上改变了1949年前行业分散、个体资金短缺的面貌,使宁波手工业的发展初步进入组织化体系。60年代开始,行业之间和行业内部逐步产生了分化,新兴行业塑料业迅速崛起,机械化加快推进,最终发展成为全市的领军行业;传统工艺美术行业则利用沿海优势,以出口为导向,但在内部也因工艺复杂程度的不同产生制造上的区分;其余家具、皮革、五金等行业则逐步实现了机械化操作,并最终在国家引导下分化出二轻工业这一归口管理系统。从70年代开始一直到改革开放以前,宁波市二轻工业加大创新力度,多行业实现技术变革,最终在十年“文革”中实现平稳过渡,取得了产值上的飞跃,为即将到来的改革开放打下了坚实的基础。

Ningbo is located on the coast of Zhejiang and has a long tradition of handicrafts.Beginning in 1949,the country intervened in Ningbo's handicraft industry through socialist transformation,prompting it to change.From 1949 to 1957,handicraft cooperatives represented by chemical industries such as printing,food,knitting,and leather were successively established,which changed the situation of scattered industries and lack of individual funds before 1949,and the development of Ningbo handicraft industry initially entered an organized system.Beginning in the 1960s,there was a gradual differentiation between industries and within the industry.The emerging plastics industry rose rapidly,and mechanization accelerated,eventually developed into a leading industry in the city;the traditional arts and crafts industry took hold of coastal advantages and was export-oriented,but due to the complexity of the process,there was also the problem of internal production differentiation.The rest of the furniture,leather,hardware and other industries had gradually realized mechanized operations,and finally differentiated into a centralized management system for the second light industry under the guidance of the country.From the 1970s until before the Reform and Opening-up,Ningbo's second light industry increased its innovation efforts,realized technological changes in many industries,and finally made a smooth transition in the ten-year“Cultural Revolution”.It also achieved a leap in output value,and laid a solid foundation for the upcoming Reform and Opening-up.