流体力学视角下竞技游泳动力学研究进展

Progress of swimming dynamic research from a hydromechanical perspective

竞技游泳的动力学研究对游泳动作技术优化和运动表现提升具有重要意义,但一直以来受制于流体运动量化技术发展的限制。本研究旨在对流体力学视角下的竞技游泳动力学相关进展及发展历程进行系统梳理,深入探讨流体力学研究方法和技术进步对游泳动力学量化研究的贡献。该综述通过检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、Google Scholar、中国知网(CNKI)等数据库,根据所检文献标题筛选相关文献,并对文献的出版信息、研究目的、方法、结果和结论进行提取、归纳、分析和总结。长久以来,游泳的流体力学分析受到流体运动量化技术和研究手段的制约,目前依然存在大量难以测量和预测的物理量。近年来,随着流体力学研究技术和设备的更新与发展,游泳推进的动力学机制已有多种假说被提出,包括升力和阻力机制假说、涡旋能量机制假说和轴向流(射流)机制假说。同时,泳者在游泳时所受到的各种作用力及作用力之间的相互作用也得到了更精确的量化。目前而言,游泳流体力学研究进展和人体运动生物力学研究前沿相比,仍有较大差距,两者结合深度依然不足。未来研究应聚焦流场可视化技术应用下的游泳流体力学量化分析,将流体力学研究前沿与人体运动生物力学实践相结合,科技助力泳者优化技术,提升运动表现。

The studies of biomechanics in swimming have played an important role in the optimization of swimmers skills and the improvement of their performance.This narrative review aims to retrospect the relevant knowledge and history of swimming kinetics and dynamics from a hydromechanical perspective,carrying out a comprehensive discussion on the contribution provided by the technology advances in hydromechanical studies to the field of swimming biomechanical quantitative research.A comprehensive,reproducible search strategy had been performed on the databases of Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.The eligible studies were screened out according to their titles.Basic publication information,objectives,methods,results,and conclusions of the eligible studies were extracted and summarized.For a long time,the large number of physical quantities which are difficult to predict and measure in fluid motion limited the development of hydromechanical analysis of swimming.With the development of technology for flow motion visualization and quantization over the decades,several hypotheses have been proposed for the propulsion mechanism of human swimming,which are propulsions from lift and drag,vortices,and axial flow.At the same time,the resistance that the swimmers loaded during swimming has been quantified accurately.At present,there is still a gap in the research progress of swimming hydromechanics compared with the research frontier of sports biomechanics,and the combination of them is still insufficient.Future studies should focus on quantitative analysis of swimming hydromechanics and integrate its results more closely with sports biomechanics to help swimmers optimize skills and improve their performance.