马克思“世界历史目的”的双重结构

Marx's Dual Structure of the"Purpose of World History"

按照康德和黑格尔的说法,认识分为“知性思维”和“理性思维”,与此相对应,人类对世界历史目的的认识就有两种,即世界历史的“知性目的”和“反思目的”。在马克思的世界历史理论中包含上述双重目的。基于“历史科学”所发现的人类通往共产主义的自由和解放,构成了世界历史的“知性目的”;而基于“历史哲学”所发现的人类共产主义的自由和解放,则构成了世界历史的“反思目的”。一方面,马克思颠倒了黑格尔世界历史的“反思目的”,通过“知性目的”为“反思目的”确立了经验基础,即为世界历史进程找到了客观规律;另一方面,马克思通过探究“类本质”和“社会关系总和”的思辨关系、“三形态”的辩证逻辑以及知性时间序列的颠倒等,使“反思目的”为“知性目的”提供了价值归宿,并且为世界历史提供了终极意义。

According to Kant and Hegel,knowledge can be divided into"intellectual thinking"and"rational thinking",and correspondingly,human understanding of the purpose of world history can be divided into two types:the"intellectual purpose"and the"reflective purpose"of world history.Marx's theory of world history contains the dual purpose mentioned above.Human freedom and liberation towards communism based on the"historical science"constitutes the"intellectual purpose"of world history while communist freedom and liberation based on the"historical philosophy",the"reflective purpose"of world history.On the one hand,Marx reversed Hegel's"reflective purpose"of world history and established an empirical foundation for the"reflective purpose"through the"intellectual purpose",thus finding the objective laws of the process of world history.On the other hand,Marx explored the speculative relationship between"class essence"and the"totality of social relations",the dialectical logic of"three modes",and thereversal of the intellectual time sequence,providing a value destination for the"intellectual purpose"as the"reflective purpose"and providing the ultimate meaning of world history.