俄乌刻赤海峡争端的管辖权问题研究

On the Jurisdictional Issues of the Kerch Strait Disputes between Russia and Ukraine

克里米亚入俄事件后,俄罗斯和乌克兰围绕刻赤海峡发生了一系列争端。虽然所涉案件出于不同的事实与主张,但均涉及对《联合国海洋法公约》中适用强制争端解决程序的任择性例外情形的解读。针对乌克兰提起的仲裁与临时措施申请,俄罗斯基于领土主权争端和军事活动例外提出管辖权异议,但都被仲裁庭和法庭驳回。仲裁庭和法庭回避刻赤海峡法律地位问题以及提高军事活动认定标准的做法既增加了争端国过度使用武力的可能性,也提高了沿海国在争议海域发生争端时接受强制管辖的风险。

Following the Crimea incident,Russia and Ukraine have been engaged in a series of disputes centering on the Kerch Strait.Although the cases in dispute are based on different facts and claims,they all involve an interpretation of the optional exception to the application of compulsory dispute settlement procedures in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Aiming at the applications of the arbitration and the provisional measures brought by Ukraine,Russia came up with jurisdictional objections based on territorial sovereignty disputes and military activity exceptions,but they were rejected by the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal and ITLOS.The attitude of the tribunals in avoiding the question of the legal status of the Kerch Strait and the raising criteria for the determination of military activities not only increase the possibility of excessive use of force by the disputing states but also boost the risk of the coastal states accepting compulsory jurisdiction in the event of a dispute in the disputed sea areas.