夏玉米秸秆还田模式对土壤养分及小麦生长的影响

Effects of Straw Returning Mode of Summer Maize on Soil Nutrients and Wheat Growth

【目的】探明夏玉米秸秆还田模式对土壤养分及下茬作物小麦生长的影响,为秸秆还田方式的选择及小麦高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】在陕西省蓝田县以夏玉米秸秆不还田为对照,设置秸秆直接覆盖还田、秸秆发酵还田、秸秆炭化还田和秸秆添加生物腐熟剂还田4种秸秆还田模式,研究下茬作物小麦的干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素,分析土壤养分含量的变化特征。【结果】与对照相比,不同秸秆还田模式均能显著提高小麦干物质积累量、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,其中,秸秆发酵还田处理的产量最高,达7021.80 kg/hm^(2),比对照高18.08%。不同秸秆还田模式均能显著提高土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中,秸秆发酵还田处理的土壤养分含量最高,分别比对照高13.76%、18.99%、25.36%和18.99%。【结论】秸秆发酵还田可提高小麦产量,增加土壤养分,可作为该地区小麦高产高效栽培的秸秆还田模式。

【Objective】The effects of straw returning mode of summer maize on soil nutrients and wheat growth are explored to provide the theoretical basis for selection of straw returning mode and high-yield cultivation of wheat.【Method】The effects of direct straw returning mode,fermented straw returning mode,carbonized straw returning mode and straw+decomposition agent mode on dry matter accumulation,yield and yield components of wheat and variation of soil nutrients are discussed by taking non-maize straw returning mode as CK.【Result】Four maize straw returning modes all can increase dry matter accumulation,kernels per ear,1000-kernel weight and yield of wheat significantly compared with CK.The yield of wheat under the fermented maize straw returning mode can reach 7021.80 kg/hm^(2),18.08% higher than CK.Four maize straw returning modes all can improve organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content in soil significantly.The content of soil nutrients under the fermented maize straw returning mode is the highest among five maize straw returning modes.The organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content in soil under the fermented maize straw returning mode is 13.76%,18.99%,25.36% and 18.99% higher than CK respectively.【Conclusion】The fermented maize straw returning mode can increase wheat yield and soil nutrients,which indicates that the mode should be used in high yield and high efficiency cultivation of wheat.